Makari: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 134: Line 134:
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
====<u>Cases</u>====
====Cases====
Nouns in Makari are inflected using 7 cases :
Nouns in Makari are inflected using 7 cases :
=====Nominative=====
The nominative case in Makari is used to mark the subject of a sentence, or to mark both the subject and the predicate in copular sentences.
=====Genitive=====
The genitive case is used for alienable possession, and is used as the agent of verbs of experience.


For example: «Ćirát anícaúra» means "I am cold", and here, «ćirát» is the genitive form of «će»
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30em"
=====Dative=====
|+ Makari case system
The dative case is used to mark the indirect object of a sentence, the direct object of verbs of possession, is used with «{{term|já}}» to indicate inalienable possession and helps to convey the role of the [[w:Lative case|lative case]].
|-
=====Accusative=====
! Case !! Usage
The accusative case is used to indicate the direct object of a verb. It derived from the merging between the Accusative and the Partitive, loaned from the Kinavel case system
|-
=====Locative=====
| Nominative || Subject of a verb (+ predicate)
The locative case is used to indicate a position  in space, a motion away from a place, and can be used as a derivation method to derive names of places.
|-
| Genitive || Alienable possession, subject of verbs of experience
|-
| Dative || Indirect object, direct object of verbs of possession, inalienable possession (with «{{term|já}}»), lative case
|-
| Accusative || Direct object
|-
| Locative || Position in space, movement away from, derivation method
|-
| Vocative || Apostrophe
|-
| Prepositional || Objects of prepositions
|}


Ex: «heír» "tree" becomes «háritia» "forest"
====Numbers====
=====Vocative=====
In Makari, nouns are inflected using two numbers (or three depending on when the word was loaned) :
The vocative case is only used when doing a apostrophe to someone. It is slowly diseappearing, and is getting replaced by the nominative case
* Singular
 
* Paucal (Merged with the plural)
=====Prepositional=====
* Plural
The prepositional case is used after prepositions. This case is derived from an old usage of the Kinavel locative case, which is a reason for why it is declined using the locative stem


====Paradigms====
====Paradigms====
{{template:Makari noun declension|class=V|red1=ár|red2=li|V1=á|1=ári|2=árí|3=áli}}
{| class="multicol"
|-
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=V|red1=ár|red2=li|V1=á|1=ári|2=árí|3=áli}}
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=M|red1=to|red2=cá|V1=o|1=toká|2=toka|3=tocá}}
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=C|red1=ak|red2=an|V1=a|1=akan|2=akán|3=akat|4=aka}}
|}


[[Category:Makari]]
[[Category:Makari]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Revision as of 14:03, 1 November 2024

Makari
Macári
Makari.png
Pronunciation[macçɐ:ri]
Created byAenil
Date2024
Native toLincai (Lićaí)
Early form
Proto-Kinavel

Makari (autoglossonym: Macári, Makari : /macçɐ:ri/) is a language spoken in the province of Lincai (Makari : Lićaí /liçaɪ:/). After the Kinavel language was brought to Lincai, the language underwent a small number of phonological changes, like the loss of the uvular sounds, and a fricatization of the plosives, that gave a fully-fledged affricate set, replacing the old Kinavel plosive set

Etymology

The language name is derived from the Proto-Kinavel word *n¹qarí /ɳ̩qerɪː/ meaning "language, speech", which gave the Kinavel word nŭkeri /nuˑkeri/ meaning "communication"

Orthography

Alphabet

The Makari alphabet is composed of 24 letters (20 "base letters" and 4 "diacritic letters") :

Makari alphabet (in order)
Letter Aa Áá Cc Ćć Ee Pp Ff Hh Ii Íí Jj Kk Xx Ll Mm Nn Qq Oo Rr Tt Ss Uu Úú Vv
IPA ä ɐ cç ç ə pɸ ɸ h i ɪ j kx x l m n ŋ ɒ r ts s u ʊ w

Phoneme type

During the rest of the article, and especially in grammar, the letters C, V and M will be referring to different type of phonemes. Here's a table of correspondence :

Letter Description
C All consonants
V Non-diacritical vowels
M Diacritical vowels

Phonology

Consonants

Labials Alveolars Palatals/
Velars 		Glottals
Nasal m n ŋ
Affricate pɸ ts cç, kx
Fricative ɸ s ç, x h
Approximant (w) l j, w
Trill r

Notes :

  • /cç/ and /ç/ are pronounced /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ by some speakers
  • /kx/ and /x/ are pronounced /qχ/ and /χ/ after back vowels
  • Although the traditional pronounciation of <w> is /ʋ/, almost all speakers have shifted to /w/ or /β/

Vowels

Front Back
Close i, ɪː u, ʊː
Mid ə, ɐː
Open ä ɒ

Notes:

  • /ɪː/ and /ʊː/ are often realized as /i:/ and /u:/ in stressed syllables
  • /ə/ can be lengthened if it is the first component of a diphthong
  • /ɒ/ is raised to /ɔ/ by some speakers

Phonotactics and Stress

Syllable Shape

The maximum syllable shape of Makari is pretty strict, as it is (C)V(C)

Stress

Stress falls on the third-to-last syllable (or first syllable is the word has less than three syllables). For exemple, "tocája" is pronounced /ˈtɒcçɐjä/


Grammar

Nouns

Cases

Nouns in Makari are inflected using 7 cases :

Makari case system
Case Usage
Nominative Subject of a verb (+ predicate)
Genitive Alienable possession, subject of verbs of experience
Dative Indirect object, direct object of verbs of possession, inalienable possession (with «já»), lative case
Accusative Direct object
Locative Position in space, movement away from, derivation method
Vocative Apostrophe
Prepositional Objects of prepositions

Numbers

In Makari, nouns are inflected using two numbers (or three depending on when the word was loaned) :

  • Singular
  • Paucal (Merged with the plural)
  • Plural

Paradigms

Declension of ári (V class)
Singular Plural
Nominative ári
Genitive árin árí
Dative árári áriqa
Accusative árić
Locative áli álitía
Vocative árin
Prepositional áliná álili
Declension of toká (M class)
Singular Plural
Nominative toká
Genitive tokán toka
Dative totoká tokáqa
Accusative tokáć
Locative tocá tocátía
Vocative tokán
Prepositional tocáno tocácá
Declension of akan (C class)
Singular Plural
Nominative akan
Genitive akanin akán
Dative akakan akana
Accusative akaneć
Locative akat akatía
Vocative aka
Prepositional akata akatan
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Makari&oldid=390550"