North-East Antarctican: Difference between revisions

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====Stress====

In each word, one syllable has stress. Stress can occur on any syllable, indeed the location is phonemic. There are many minimal pairs that contrast only in the location of the stress e.g. /ˈqɨ̰ɫɨ/ - "giant" vs. /qɨˈɫɨ̰/ - "evidence", /ˈkə̰tə/ - "short" vs. /kəˈtə̰/ - "concept".

In each word, one syllable has stress. Stress can occur on any syllable, indeed the location is phonemic. There are many minimal pairs that contrast only in the location of the stress e.g. /ˈqɨ̰ɫɨ/ [ˈqɤ̰ːɫɤ̰] - "giant" vs. /qɨˈɫɨ̰/ [qɤ̰ˈɫɤ̰ː] - "evidence", /ˈkə̰tə/ [ˈkə̰ːtə̰] - "short" vs. /kəˈtə̰/ [kəˈtə̰ː] - "concept".

====Gemination====

If a stressed vowel is followed by a consonant, then sometimes the consonant is doubled. This is phonemic, and there are minimal pairs distinguished by the presence of gemination e.g. /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ - "bake" vs. /bɨˈhə̤kːɨ/ - "duty". Geminate consonants cannot occur after the nasal coda /ɴ/

If a stressed vowel is followed by a consonant, then sometimes the consonant is doubled. This is phonemic, and there are minimal pairs distinguished by the presence of gemination e.g. /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake" vs. /bɨˈhə̤kːɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤kːɨ] - "duty". Geminate consonants cannot occur after the nasal coda /ɴ/

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* /h/ -> /ʔ/

For example, the noun class proclitic for perennial plants is normally /gʷɨɴ-/. However, when it attaches to the root /ʀɨˈʔə̰ɻɨ/ - "rose" (containing the strong consonant /ʀ/, the /gʷ/ changes to /b/, giving /bɨɴ=ʀɨˈʔə̰ɻɨ/.

For example, the noun class proclitic for perennial plants is normally /gʷɨɴ-/. However, when it attaches to the root /ʀɨˈʔə̰ɻɨ/ [ʁɤˈʔʌ̰ːɻɤ̰] - "rose" (containing the strong consonant /ʀ/, the /gʷ/ changes to /b/, giving /bɨɴ=ʀɨˈʔə̰ɻɨ/ [bɤɴʁɤˈʔʌ̰ːɻɤ̰].

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===Phonation Spreading===

Both breathy and tense phonation tend to spread rightwards from the stressed syllable. Breathy voice spreads until it is blocked by a voiceless consonant (other than /h/). So /baˈhɨ̤ɴdɨ/ - "liver" is pronounced [baˈhɨ̤ɴdɨ̤], the breathy phonation spreading from the stressed syllable, through the /d/ onto the final syllable. However, in words such as /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ - "bake" and /bɨˈhə̤kːɨ/ - "duty", the voiceless /k/ blocks the spread of the breathy voice, no matter whether or not it is geminated.

Both breathy and tense phonation tend to spread rightwards from the stressed syllable. Breathy voice spreads until it is blocked by a voiceless consonant (other than /h/). So /baˈhɨ̤ɴdɨ/ - "liver" is pronounced [baˈhɨ̤ɴdɨ̤], the breathy phonation spreading from the stressed syllable, through the /d/ onto the final syllable. However, in words such as /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ - "bake" and /bɨˈhə̤kːɨ/ - "duty", the voiceless /k/ blocks the spread of the breathy voice, no matter whether or not it is geminated. Therefore they are pronounced [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] and [bɨˈhə̤kːɨ] respectively.

The rules for tense phonation are slightly more complex. Tense phonation spreads through nasals, approximants, flaps / trills, and laterals, and also through voiceless stops. However, it is blocked by fricatives and voiced stops e.g. it spreads in both /ˈqɨ̰ɫɨ/ - "giant" and /ˈkə̰tə/ - "short", but not in /gʷɨˈkɨ̰da/ - "to float" or /ˈkʷə̰sa/ - "throwing spear".

The rules for tense phonation are slightly more complex. Tense phonation spreads through nasals, approximants, flaps / trills, and laterals, and also through voiceless stops. However, it is blocked by fricatives and voiced stops e.g. it spreads in both /ˈqɨ̰ɫɨ/ [ˈqɤ̰ːɫɤ̰] - "giant" and /ˈkə̰tə/ [ˈkə̰ːtə̰] - "short", but not in /gʷɨˈkɨ̰da/ [gʷuˈkɨ̰ːda] - "to float" or /ˈkʷə̰sa/ [ˈkʷo̰ːsa] - "throwing spear".

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====Endocentric Compounds====

Compounds are head final. Stress, phonation and gemination are lost on all but the first member of the compound e.g. /ˈkə̰tə/ - "short", and /ˈkʷə̰sa/ - "throwing spear" combine to make /ˈkə̰təkʷəsa/ - "dart" (literally "short spear").

Compounds are head final. Stress, phonation and gemination are lost on all but the first member of the compound e.g. /ˈkə̰tə/ [ˈkə̰ːtə̰] - "short", and /ˈkʷə̰sa/ [ˈkʷo̰ːsa] - "throwing spear" combine to make /ˈkə̰təkʷəsa/ [ˈkə̰ːto̰kʷo̰sa] - "dart" (literally "short spear").

The restriction against more than one strong consonant in a word applies to compound words e.g. when /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ - "bake" is combined with /ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ - "ocean fish", the result is /bɨˈʔə̤kɨkʷɨsɨ/ - "baked (ocean) fish". Because the /kʷ/ in the word for "fish" is strong, it causes the /h/ in the word for "bake" to shift to a glottal stop.

The restriction against more than one strong consonant in a word applies to compound words e.g. when /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake" is combined with /ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ [ˈkʷṳsːa] - "ocean fish", the result is /bɨˈʔə̤kɨkʷɨsɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkukʷusɨ] - "baked (ocean) fish". Because the /kʷ/ in the word for "fish" is strong, it causes the /h/ in the word for "bake" to shift to a glottal stop.

There is a very strong preference to make endocentric compounds from words that have identical voicing on the stressed syllable. For example, the word /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ - "freshwater fish", could, in theory, be compounded with /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ - "bake", to form /bɨˈʔə̤kɨxaɾʲɨ/ - "baked freshwater fish". However, since /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ has breathy voice, and /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ has tense voice, the resulting compound would strike native speakers as inelegant and clumsy.

There is a very strong preference to make endocentric compounds from words that have identical voicing on the stressed syllable. For example, the word /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ [ˈxæ̰ːɾʲḭ] - "freshwater fish", could, in theory, be compounded with /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake", to form /bɨˈʔə̤kɨxaɾʲɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkɨxæɾʲi] - "baked freshwater fish". However, since /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ has breathy voice, and /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ has tense voice, the resulting compound would strike native speakers as inelegant and clumsy.

In cases like the above, native speakers would search for a synonym with tense voice e.g. /qəˈŋɨ̰ɫa/, which also means "to bake". A much more commonly used word meaning "baked (freshwater) fish" would therefore be /kəˈŋɨ̰ɫaxaɾʲɨ/.

In cases like the above, native speakers would search for a synonym with tense voice e.g. /qəˈŋɨ̰ɫa/ [qɑˈŋɤ̰ːɫɑ̰], which also means "to bake". A much more commonly used word meaning "baked (freshwater) fish" would therefore be /kəˈŋɨ̰ɫaxaɾʲɨ/ [kəˈŋɤ̰ːɫɑ̰xæɾʲi].

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In contrast to endocentric compounds, these lose stress, phonation and gemination on all but the last member e.g.

/ˈma̰ɴtɨha/ - "mountain", /ˈkʷɨ̰ɫa/ - "river" (permanent), /maɴtɨʔaˈkʷɨ̰ɫa/ - "mountains and rivers"

/ˈma̰ɴtɨha/ [ˈma̰ɴtɨ̰ha]- "mountain", /ˈkʷɨ̰ɫa/ [ˈkʷʊ̰ːɫɑ̰] - "river" (permanent), /maɴtɨʔaˈkʷɨ̰ɫa/ [maɴtɨʔaˈkʷʊ̰ːɫɑ̰] - "mountains and rivers"

As can be seen from this example though, the rule prohibiting multiple strong consonants in a word still applies, changing /h/ to /ʔ/.

Contrast the above example with the endocentric compound /ˈma̰ɴtɨʔakʷɨɫa/ - "mountain river" (i.e. a river in the mountains).

Contrast the above example with the endocentric compound /ˈma̰ɴtɨʔakʷɨɫa/ [ˈma̰ɴtɨ̰ʔa̰kʷʊ̰ɫɑ̰] - "mountain river" (i.e. a river in the mountains).

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These are formed in the same way as endocentric compounds. However, there is a very strong preference for the compound words to have opposite phonation on the stressed syllables e.g.

/ˈnə̰tʷɨ/ - "North", /gʷɨˈʔə̤/ - "remain", /ˈnə̰tɨgʷɨʔə/ - "~~those~~ who did not migrate south to Antarctica, but rather stayed to take their chances on the northern continents" (literally "North remain").

/ˈnə̰tʷɨ/ [ˈno̰ːtʷṵ] - "North", /gʷɨˈʔə̤/ [gʷuˈʔə̤ː] - "remain", /ˈnə̰tɨgʷɨʔə/ [ˈnə̰ːtṵgʷuʔə] - "person who did not migrate south to Antarctica, but rather stayed to take their chances on the northern continents" (literally "North remain").

@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 ====Stress====
-In each word, one syllable has stress. Stress can occur on any syllable, indeed the location is phonemic. There are many minimal pairs that contrast only in the location of the stress e.g. /ˈqɨ̰ɫɨ/ - "giant" vs. /qɨˈɫɨ̰/ - "evidence", /ˈkə̰tə/ - "short" vs. /kəˈtə̰/ - "concept".
+In each word, one syllable has stress. Stress can occur on any syllable, indeed the location is phonemic. There are many minimal pairs that contrast only in the location of the stress e.g. /ˈqɨ̰ɫɨ/ [ˈqɤ̰ːɫɤ̰] - "giant" vs. /qɨˈɫɨ̰/ [qɤ̰ˈɫɤ̰ː] - "evidence", /ˈkə̰tə/ [ˈkə̰ːtə̰] - "short" vs. /kəˈtə̰/ [kəˈtə̰ː] - "concept".
 ====Gemination====
-If a stressed vowel is followed by a consonant, then sometimes the consonant is doubled. This is phonemic, and there are minimal pairs distinguished by the presence of gemination e.g. /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ - "bake" vs. /bɨˈhə̤kːɨ/ - "duty". Geminate consonants cannot occur after the nasal coda /ɴ/
+If a stressed vowel is followed by a consonant, then sometimes the consonant is doubled. This is phonemic, and there are minimal pairs distinguished by the presence of gemination e.g. /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake" vs. /bɨˈhə̤kːɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤kːɨ] - "duty". Geminate consonants cannot occur after the nasal coda /ɴ/
@@ Line 100: / Line 100: @@
 * /h/ -> /ʔ/
-For example, the noun class proclitic for perennial plants is normally /gʷɨɴ-/. However, when it attaches to the root /ʀɨˈʔə̰ɻɨ/ - "rose" (containing the strong consonant /ʀ/, the /gʷ/ changes to /b/, giving /bɨɴ=ʀɨˈʔə̰ɻɨ/.
+For example, the noun class proclitic for perennial plants is normally /gʷɨɴ-/. However, when it attaches to the root /ʀɨˈʔə̰ɻɨ/ [ʁɤˈʔʌ̰ːɻɤ̰] - "rose" (containing the strong consonant /ʀ/, the /gʷ/ changes to /b/, giving /bɨɴ=ʀɨˈʔə̰ɻɨ/ [bɤɴʁɤˈʔʌ̰ːɻɤ̰].
@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 ===Phonation Spreading===
-Both breathy and tense phonation tend to spread rightwards from the stressed syllable. Breathy voice spreads until it is blocked by a voiceless consonant (other than /h/). So /baˈhɨ̤ɴdɨ/ - "liver" is pronounced [baˈhɨ̤ɴdɨ̤], the breathy phonation spreading from the stressed syllable, through the /d/ onto the final syllable. However, in words such as /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ - "bake" and /bɨˈhə̤kːɨ/ - "duty", the voiceless /k/ blocks the spread of the breathy voice, no matter whether or not it is geminated.
+Both breathy and tense phonation tend to spread rightwards from the stressed syllable. Breathy voice spreads until it is blocked by a voiceless consonant (other than /h/). So /baˈhɨ̤ɴdɨ/ - "liver" is pronounced [baˈhɨ̤ɴdɨ̤], the breathy phonation spreading from the stressed syllable, through the /d/ onto the final syllable. However, in words such as /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ - "bake" and /bɨˈhə̤kːɨ/ - "duty", the voiceless /k/ blocks the spread of the breathy voice, no matter whether or not it is geminated. Therefore they are pronounced [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] and [bɨˈhə̤kːɨ] respectively.
-The rules for tense phonation are slightly more complex. Tense phonation spreads through nasals, approximants, flaps / trills, and laterals, and also through voiceless stops. However, it is blocked by fricatives and voiced stops e.g. it spreads in both /ˈqɨ̰ɫɨ/ - "giant" and /ˈkə̰tə/ - "short", but not in /gʷɨˈkɨ̰da/ - "to float" or /ˈkʷə̰sa/ - "throwing spear".
+The rules for tense phonation are slightly more complex. Tense phonation spreads through nasals, approximants, flaps / trills, and laterals, and also through voiceless stops. However, it is blocked by fricatives and voiced stops e.g. it spreads in both /ˈqɨ̰ɫɨ/ [ˈqɤ̰ːɫɤ̰] - "giant" and /ˈkə̰tə/ [ˈkə̰ːtə̰] - "short", but not in /gʷɨˈkɨ̰da/ [gʷuˈkɨ̰ːda] - "to float" or /ˈkʷə̰sa/ [ˈkʷo̰ːsa] - "throwing spear".
@@ Line 189: / Line 189: @@
 ====Endocentric Compounds====
-Compounds are head final. Stress, phonation and gemination are lost on all but the first member of the compound e.g. /ˈkə̰tə/ - "short", and /ˈkʷə̰sa/ - "throwing spear" combine to make /ˈkə̰təkʷəsa/ - "dart" (literally "short spear").
+Compounds are head final. Stress, phonation and gemination are lost on all but the first member of the compound e.g. /ˈkə̰tə/ [ˈkə̰ːtə̰] - "short", and /ˈkʷə̰sa/ [ˈkʷo̰ːsa] - "throwing spear" combine to make /ˈkə̰təkʷəsa/ [ˈkə̰ːto̰kʷo̰sa] - "dart" (literally "short spear").
-The restriction against more than one strong consonant in a word applies to compound words e.g. when /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ - "bake" is combined with /ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ - "ocean fish", the result is /bɨˈʔə̤kɨkʷɨsɨ/ - "baked (ocean) fish". Because the /kʷ/ in the word for "fish" is strong, it causes the /h/ in the word for "bake" to shift to a glottal stop.
+The restriction against more than one strong consonant in a word applies to compound words e.g. when /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake" is combined with /ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ [ˈkʷṳsːa] - "ocean fish", the result is /bɨˈʔə̤kɨkʷɨsɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkukʷusɨ] - "baked (ocean) fish". Because the /kʷ/ in the word for "fish" is strong, it causes the /h/ in the word for "bake" to shift to a glottal stop.
-There is a very strong preference to make endocentric compounds from words that have identical voicing on the stressed syllable. For example, the word /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ - "freshwater fish", could, in theory, be compounded with /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ - "bake", to form /bɨˈʔə̤kɨxaɾʲɨ/ - "baked freshwater fish". However, since /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ has breathy voice, and /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ has tense voice, the resulting compound would strike native speakers as inelegant and clumsy.
+There is a very strong preference to make endocentric compounds from words that have identical voicing on the stressed syllable. For example, the word /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ [ˈxæ̰ːɾʲḭ] - "freshwater fish", could, in theory, be compounded with /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ [bɨˈhə̤ːkɨ] - "bake", to form /bɨˈʔə̤kɨxaɾʲɨ/ [bɨˈʔə̤ːkɨxæɾʲi] - "baked freshwater fish". However, since /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ has breathy voice, and /ˈxa̰ɾʲɨ/ has tense voice, the resulting compound would strike native speakers as inelegant and clumsy.
-In cases like the above, native speakers would search for a synonym with tense voice e.g. /qəˈŋɨ̰ɫa/, which also means "to bake". A much more commonly used word meaning "baked (freshwater) fish" would therefore be /kəˈŋɨ̰ɫaxaɾʲɨ/.
+In cases like the above, native speakers would search for a synonym with tense voice e.g. /qəˈŋɨ̰ɫa/ [qɑˈŋɤ̰ːɫɑ̰], which also means "to bake". A much more commonly used word meaning "baked (freshwater) fish" would therefore be /kəˈŋɨ̰ɫaxaɾʲɨ/ [kəˈŋɤ̰ːɫɑ̰xæɾʲi].
@@ Line 202: / Line 202: @@
 In contrast to endocentric compounds, these lose stress, phonation and gemination on all but the last member e.g.
-/ˈma̰ɴtɨha/ - "mountain", /ˈkʷɨ̰ɫa/ - "river" (permanent), /maɴtɨʔaˈkʷɨ̰ɫa/ - "mountains and rivers"
+/ˈma̰ɴtɨha/ [ˈma̰ɴtɨ̰ha]- "mountain", /ˈkʷɨ̰ɫa/ [ˈkʷʊ̰ːɫɑ̰] - "river" (permanent), /maɴtɨʔaˈkʷɨ̰ɫa/ [maɴtɨʔaˈkʷʊ̰ːɫɑ̰] - "mountains and rivers"
 As can be seen from this example though, the rule prohibiting multiple strong consonants in a word still applies, changing /h/ to /ʔ/.
-Contrast the above example with the endocentric compound /ˈma̰ɴtɨʔakʷɨɫa/ - "mountain river" (i.e. a river in the mountains).
+Contrast the above example with the endocentric compound /ˈma̰ɴtɨʔakʷɨɫa/ [ˈma̰ɴtɨ̰ʔa̰kʷʊ̰ɫɑ̰] - "mountain river" (i.e. a river in the mountains).
@@ Line 213: / Line 213: @@
 These are formed in the same way as endocentric compounds. However, there is a very strong preference for the compound words to have opposite phonation on the stressed syllables e.g.
-/ˈnə̰tʷɨ/ - "North", /gʷɨˈʔə̤/ - "remain", /ˈnə̰tɨgʷɨʔə/ - "those who did not migrate south to Antarctica, but rather stayed to take their chances on the northern continents" (literally "North remain").
+/ˈnə̰tʷɨ/ [ˈno̰ːtʷṵ] - "North", /gʷɨˈʔə̤/ [gʷuˈʔə̤ː] - "remain", /ˈnə̰tɨgʷɨʔə/ [ˈnə̰ːtṵgʷuʔə] - "person who did not migrate south to Antarctica, but rather stayed to take their chances on the northern continents" (literally "North remain").