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Revision as of 08:03, 11 November 2015

7,611 bytes added ,  11 November 2015
→‎Sandhi
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=====Sandhi over morpheme boundaries=====
=====Sandhi over morpheme boundaries=====


{| class="bluetable collapsible"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible"
|-
|
|
{| class="wikitable
{| class="wikitable
Line 253: Line 254:
|-
|-
| -n·j- → -n̆-, fusion (palatalization of /n/ → /ɲ/)
| -n·j- → -n̆-, fusion (palatalization of /n/ → /ɲ/)
|- /m/
|-
| -m·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/ (labialization of /v/ → /β/, plosivization of /β/ → /p/)
|-
| '''-l'''
|-
| -l·t- → -l·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/
|-
| -l·k- → -l·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/
|-
| -l·g- → -l·l-, assimilation of /g/ → /l/
|-
| -l·r- → -l·l-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /l/
|-
| -l·m- → -l·l-, assimilation of /m/ → /l/
|-
| -l·b- → -p·p- [+____]
|-
| -l·j- → -l̆-, fusion (palatalization of /l/ → /ʎ/)
|-
| -l·v- → -l·l-, assimilation of /v/ → /l/
|-
| '''-r·'''
|-
| -r·g- → -rr-, assimilation of /g/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·h- → -rr-, assimilation of /h/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·x- → -rr-, assimilation of /x/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·l- → -rr-, assimilation of /l/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·t- → -s·s- [+____]
|-
| '''-s·'''
|-
| -s·l- → -s·s-, assimilation of /l/ → /s/
|-
| -s·g- → -s·k-, fortition of /g/ → /k/
|-
| '''-s̆·'''
|-
| -s̆·h- → -s̆→s̆-, assimilation of /h/ → /ʃ/
|-
| -s̆·l- → -s̆·s̆-, assimilation of /l/ → /ʃ/
|-
| '''-t·'''
|-
| -t·b- → -s·s- [+____]
|-
| -t·g- → -t·t-, assimilation of /g/ → /t/
|-
| -t·l- → -t·t-, assimilation of /l/ → /t/
|-
| -t·n- → -t·t-, assimilation of /n/ → /t/
|-
| '''-x·'''
|-
| -x·k- → -n·k- [+nasalization]
|-
| Being all instances of -n·k- already lenited by sandhi to -n·g-, all remaining instances of -n·k- after the sandhi has been applied must then spawn from modified instances of -x·k-, thus avoiding ambiguity.
|-
| '''''-VC·CCV-'''''
|-
| '''-n·'''
|-
| -n·rk- → -n·ng- → -ngg-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /n/, fusion of /n/ and /k/ (velatization of /n/ → /ŋ/)
|-
| -n·lt- → -n·t-, elision of /l/
|-
| -n·ln- → -n·n-, elision of /l/
|-
| -n·ll- → -n·n-, assimilation of first /l/, elision of second /l/
|-
| -n·hm- → -m·m-, elision of /l/, assimilation of /n/
|-
| -n·hr- → -n·kr-, fortition of /h/ → /k/
|-
| -n·hš- → -n·š-, elision of /h/
|-
| -n·tm- → -d·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/, elision of /n/, assimilation of /m/ → /d/
|-
| -n·tx- → -n·x-, elision of /t/
|-
| '''-x·'''
|-
| -x·hr- → -x·r-, elision of /h/
|-
| '''''-CV·CV-'''''
|-
| '''-ta·'''
|-
| -ta·h- → -ta·g- [+____]
|-
| -ta·r- → -ta·l- [+____]
|-
| -ta·š- → -ta·s- [+____]
|-
| -ta·x- → -ta·g- [+____]
|-
| -ta·t- → -ta·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/
|-
| -ta·k- → -ta·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/
|-
| -ta·bVC- → -ta·fCV- [+____]
|-
|
|-
| '''''-CV·CCV-'''''
|-
| '''-ta·'''
|-
| -ta·hš- > -ta·š- [+____]
|-
| -ta·tx- > -ta·x- [+____] tVtC > tVC elision of t? haplology?
|-
|} /m/
|-
| -m·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/ (labialization of /v/ → /β/, plosivization of /β/ → /p/)
|-
| '''-l'''
|-
| -l·t- → -l·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/
|-
| -l·k- → -l·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/
|-
| -l·g- → -l·l-, assimilation of /g/ → /l/
|-
| -l·r- → -l·l-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /l/
|-
| -l·m- → -l·l-, assimilation of /m/ → /l/
|-
| -l·b- → -p·p- [+____]
|-
| -l·j- → -l̆-, fusion (palatalization of /l/ → /ʎ/)
|-
| -l·v- → -l·l-, assimilation of /v/ → /l/
|-
| '''-r·'''
|-
| -r·g- → -rr-, assimilation of /g/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·h- → -rr-, assimilation of /h/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·x- → -rr-, assimilation of /x/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·l- → -rr-, assimilation of /l/ → /ɾ/, fusion of /ɾɾ/ to /r/
|-
| -r·t- → -s·s- [+____]
|-
| '''-s·'''
|-
| -s·l- → -s·s-, assimilation of /l/ → /s/
|-
| -s·g- → -s·k-, fortition of /g/ → /k/
|-
| '''-s̆·'''
|-
| -s̆·h- → -s̆→s̆-, assimilation of /h/ → /ʃ/
|-
| -s̆·l- → -s̆·s̆-, assimilation of /l/ → /ʃ/
|-
| '''-t·'''
|-
| -t·b- → -s·s- [+____]
|-
| -t·g- → -t·t-, assimilation of /g/ → /t/
|-
| -t·l- → -t·t-, assimilation of /l/ → /t/
|-
| -t·n- → -t·t-, assimilation of /n/ → /t/
|-
| '''-x·'''
|-
| -x·k- → -n·k- [+nasalization]
|-
| Being all instances of -n·k- already lenited by sandhi to -n·g-, all remaining instances of -n·k- after the sandhi has been applied must then spawn from modified instances of -x·k-, thus avoiding ambiguity.
|-
| '''''-VC·CCV-'''''
|-
| '''-n·'''
|-
| -n·rk- → -n·ng- → -ngg-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /n/, fusion of /n/ and /k/ (velatization of /n/ → /ŋ/)
|-
|-
| -n·b- → -m·b-, fusion (labialization of /n/ → /m/)
| -n·lt- → -n·t-, elision of /l/
|-
| -n·ln- → -n·n-, elision of /l/
|-
| -n·ll- → -n·n-, assimilation of first /l/, elision of second /l/
|-
| -n·hm- → -m·m-, elision of /l/, assimilation of /n/
|-
| -n·hr- → -n·kr-, fortition of /h/ → /k/
|-
| -n·hš- → -n·š-, elision of /h/
|-
| -n·tm- → -d·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/, elision of /n/, assimilation of /m/ → /d/
|-
| -n·tx- → -n·x-, elision of /t/
|-
| '''-x·'''
|-
| -x·hr- → -x·r-, elision of /h/
|-
| '''''-CV·CV-'''''
|-
| '''-ta·'''
|-
| -ta·h- → -ta·g- [+____]
|-
| -ta·r- → -ta·l- [+____]
|-
| -ta·š- → -ta·s- [+____]
|-
| -ta·x- → -ta·g- [+____]
|-
| -ta·t- → -ta·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/
|-
| -ta·k- → -ta·g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/
|-
| -ta·bVC- → -ta·fCV- [+____]
|-
|
|-
|-
| -n·b- → -m·m-, fusion (labialization of /n/ → /m/), assimilation of /b/ → /m/)
| '''''-CV·CCV-'''''
|-
|-
| -n·l- → -n·n-, assimilation of /l/ → /n/
| '''-ta·'''
|-
|-
| -n·r- → -n·n-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /n/
| -ta·hš- > -ta·š- [+____]
|-
|-
| -n·m- → -n·n-, assimilation of /m/ → /n/
| -ta·tx- > -ta·x- [+____] tVtC > tVC elision of t? haplology?
|-
|-
| -n·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/
|}
|
|}
 
=====Sandhi over word boundaries=====
 
-C_b- > -C_p-, fortition of /b/ → /p/ (devoicing of /b/)
 
Composite sandhi: obligatory contour and other phenomena.
 
A case of composite sandhi occurs when the application of an external sandhi rule results in either i) the resetting of or ii) the innovation on an internal sandhi rule.
 
Examples:
 
i) Resetting of an internal sandhi rule: external sandhi triggers obligatory contour, resetting internal sandhi.
 
bengilir > penkilir
 
1) Internal sandhi: rule -n•k- > -n•g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/ (voicing of /k/)
 
bV•en•kil•Vr → bēnkilir* > bēngilir
 
2) External sandhi: rule -C b- > -C p-, fortition of /b/ → /p/ (devoicing of /b/)
 
(-V bēngilir → -V bēngilir)
 
-C bēngilir → -C pēngilir* >> -C pēnkilir
 
ii) Innovation on an internal sandhi rule: external sandhi triggers obligatory contour, leniting a cluster formed through assimilation
 
bepɯlɯr > pevɯlɯr
 
1) Internal sandhi: rule -n•v- > -p-, fusion to /p/
 
bV•en•vɯl•Vr > bepɯlɯr
 
2) External sandhi: rule -C b- > -C p-, fortition of /b/  /p/ (devoicing of /b/)
 
(-V bepɯlɯr > bepɯlɯr)
 
-C bepɯlɯr > pevɯlɯr
 
|
|}
 
=====Sandhi over word boundaries=====
 
-C_b- > -C_p-, fortition of /b/ → /p/ (devoicing of /b/)
 
Composite sandhi: obligatory contour and other phenomena.
 
A case of composite sandhi occurs when the application of an external sandhi rule results in either i) the resetting of or ii) the innovation on an internal sandhi rule.
 
Examples:
 
i) Resetting of an internal sandhi rule: external sandhi triggers obligatory contour, resetting internal sandhi.
 
bengilir > penkilir
 
1) Internal sandhi: rule -n•k- > -n•g-, lenition of /k/ → /g/ (voicing of /k/)
 
bV•en•kil•Vr → bēnkilir* > bēngilir
 
2) External sandhi: rule -C b- > -C p-, fortition of /b/ → /p/ (devoicing of /b/)
 
(-V bēngilir → -V bēngilir)
 
-C bēngilir → -C pēngilir* >> -C pēnkilir
 
ii) Innovation on an internal sandhi rule: external sandhi triggers obligatory contour, leniting a cluster formed through assimilation
 
bepɯlɯr > pevɯlɯr
 
1) Internal sandhi: rule -n•v- > -p-, fusion to /p/
 
bV•en•vɯl•Vr > bepɯlɯr
 
2) External sandhi: rule -C b- > -C p-, fortition of /b/  /p/ (devoicing of /b/)
 
(-V bepɯlɯr > bepɯlɯr)
 
-C bepɯlɯr > pevɯlɯr
 
| -n·b- → -m·b-, fusion (labialization of /n/ → /m/)
|-
|-
| '''-m·'''
| -n·b- → -m·m-, fusion (labialization of /n/ → /m/), assimilation of /b/ → /m/)
|-
|-
| -m·b- → -p-, fusion to /p/
| -n·l- → -n·n-, assimilation of /l/ → /n/
|-
|-
| -m·l- → -m·m-, assimilation of /l/ /m/
| -n·r- → -n·n-, assimilation of /ɾ/ → /m/
|-
|-
| -m·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/ (labialization of /v/ → /β/, plosivization of /β/ → /p/)
| -m·v- → -p-, fusion to /p/ (labialization of /v/ → /β/, plosivization of /β/ → /p/)
Line 326: Line 631:
| -t·n- → -t·t-, assimilation of /n/ → /t/
| -t·n- → -t·t-, assimilation of /n/ → /t/
|-
|-
| ''-x·'''
| '''-x·'''
|-
|-
| -x·k- → -n·k- [+nasalization]
| -x·k- → -n·k- [+nasalization]
Line 344: Line 649:
| -n·ll- → -n·n-, assimilation of first /l/, elision of second /l/
| -n·ll- → -n·n-, assimilation of first /l/, elision of second /l/
|-
|-
| -n·hm- → -m·m-, elision of l, assimilation of n
| -n·hm- → -m·m-, elision of /l/, assimilation of /n/
|-
|-
| -n·hr- → -n·kr-, fortition of /h/ → /k/
| -n·hr- → -n·kr-, fortition of /h/ → /k/
|-
|-
| -n·hš- → -n·š-, elision of h
| -n·hš- → -n·š-, elision of /h/
|-
|-
| -n·tm- → -d·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/, elision of /n/, assimilation of /m/ → /d/
| -n·tm- → -d·d-, lenition of /t/ → /d/, elision of /n/, assimilation of /m/ → /d/
Line 384: Line 689:
| -ta·hš- > -ta·š- [+____]
| -ta·hš- > -ta·š- [+____]
|-
|-
| -ta·tx- > -ta·x- [+____]tVtC > tVC elision of t? haplology?
| -ta·tx- > -ta·x- [+____] tVtC > tVC elision of t? haplology?
|-
|-
|}
|}
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