Toki Ike: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 135: Line 135:
****Vowel changes: a e i o u > ca ja je cwa we; ā ē ī ō ū > ca: je ji cwe wu; ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua > ci cwu i u ju cwi cwu wi je we; āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa > ci: cwu: ji: ji: ju: cwi: cwu: wi: ja: wa:; a: > a, i: u: > i u
****Vowel changes: a e i o u > ca ja je cwa we; ā ē ī ō ū > ca: je ji cwe wu; ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua > ci cwu i u ju cwi cwu wi je we; āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa > ci: cwu: ji: ji: ju: cwi: cwu: wi: ja: wa:; a: > a, i: u: > i u
****m mˁ mʷ mʷˁ n nˁ nʷ nʷˁ ɳ ɳˁ ɳʷ ɳʷˁ ŋ ŋʷ ɴ ɴʷ b bˁ bʷ bʷˁ d dˁ dʷ dʷˁ ɖ ɖˁ ɖʷ ɖʷˁ g gʷ ɢ ɢʷ p pˁ pʷ pʷˁ t tˁ tʷ tʷˁ ʈ ʈˁ ʈʷ ʈʷˁ k kʷ q qʷ qˁ qʷˁ pʼ pˁʼ pʷʼ pʷˁʼ tʼ tˁʼ tʷʼ tʷˁʼ ʈʼ ʈˁʼ ʈʷʼ ʈʷˁʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ qˁʼ qʷˁʼ ɓ ɓˁ ɓʷ ɓʷˁ ɗ ɗˁ ɗʷ ɗʷˁ ᶑ ᶑˁ ᶑʷ ᶑʷˁ ɠ ɠʷ ʛ ʛʷ w wˁ ɥ j jˁ r rˁ rʷ rʷˁ l lˁ lʷ lʷˁ ɭ ɭˁ ɭʷ ɭʷˁ a ə i u
****m mˁ mʷ mʷˁ n nˁ nʷ nʷˁ ɳ ɳˁ ɳʷ ɳʷˁ ŋ ŋʷ ɴ ɴʷ b bˁ bʷ bʷˁ d dˁ dʷ dʷˁ ɖ ɖˁ ɖʷ ɖʷˁ g gʷ ɢ ɢʷ p pˁ pʷ pʷˁ t tˁ tʷ tʷˁ ʈ ʈˁ ʈʷ ʈʷˁ k kʷ q qʷ qˁ qʷˁ pʼ pˁʼ pʷʼ pʷˁʼ tʼ tˁʼ tʷʼ tʷˁʼ ʈʼ ʈˁʼ ʈʷʼ ʈʷˁʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ qˁʼ qʷˁʼ ɓ ɓˁ ɓʷ ɓʷˁ ɗ ɗˁ ɗʷ ɗʷˁ ᶑ ᶑˁ ᶑʷ ᶑʷˁ ɠ ɠʷ ʛ ʛʷ w wˁ ɥ j jˁ r rˁ rʷ rʷˁ l lˁ lʷ lʷˁ ɭ ɭˁ ɭʷ ɭʷˁ a ə i u
****Numbers:
**Both geminates and ejectives
**Both geminates and ejectives
***Bantu gib stage: semá, chíŋoró, nánse, lómpe, tálíŋí, njamá, ronje, lenje, mbánse, ŋgéyoró
***Bantu gib stage: semá, chíŋoró, nánse, lómpe, tálíŋí, njamá, ronje, lenje, mbánse, ŋgéyoró

Revision as of 00:46, 22 December 2015

Historical phonology

s, ł > h
z > 0
l > ɭ
λ > l
ƛ/c ƛ'/c' > c c'
k kw > k, q qw > q
sp > p'
Consonant assimilations similar to Pali
mb nd ng > mm nn ŋŋ
h > ŋ
b d, etc > p' t' etc.
t > T then c > t

Finnishy subfamily

ay > ää
ey > ee
ew, oi > öö
iw, uy > üü
aw > åå
ow > oo

Numbers

kēma, rtingōr, nakkʼē, laupʼē, tarling, rtʼāma, rōrtʼē, rloyrtʼē, pʼakkʼē, qʼeyōr

Phonology

Consonants

Perhaps most strikingly, most Kammalic languages have simple syllables and are devoid of fricatives or aspirates. The following is the consonant inventory of Proto-Kammalic:

Proto-Kammalic consonants
Labial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ rn /ɳ/ ng /ŋ~ɴ/
Plosive plain p /p~b/ t /t~d/ rt /ʈ~ɖ/ k /k~g/ q /q~ɢ/
ejective /pʼ/ /tʼ/ rtʼ /ʈʼ/ /kʼ/ /qʼ/
Trill r /r/
Approximant w /w/ l /l/ rl /ɭ/ y /j/

Vowels

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i /i/ ī /iː/ u /u/ ū /uː/
Close-mid e /e~ə/ ē /eː/ o /o/ ō /oː/
Open a /a/ ā /aː/

a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa

Composition

  • Proto-Kammalic
    • Geminates > ejectives
      • Dholuomite: cemæ, tɪŋor, n̪æcè, læwpè, t̪æɹɪŋ, tɑ̀mæ, rotè, ɹɑjtè, pæ̀cè, kæ̀jor
      • xaapa-U, ʃikuu-U, nakii, luupii, sati-U, ʃaama-U, ruutii, viitii, faxii, χeyuu-U (U = f > p > m, s > ts > n, sh > t > n, x > k > ŋ, χ > q > ɴ)
      • Ubykh parody:
        • Vowel changes: a e i o u > ca ja je cwa we; ā ē ī ō ū > ca: je ji cwe wu; ay aw ey ew iw oy ow uy ia ua > ci cwu i u ju cwi cwu wi je we; āy āw ēy ēw īw ōy ōw ūy īa ūa > ci: cwu: ji: ji: ju: cwi: cwu: wi: ja: wa:; a: > a, i: u: > i u
        • m mˁ mʷ mʷˁ n nˁ nʷ nʷˁ ɳ ɳˁ ɳʷ ɳʷˁ ŋ ŋʷ ɴ ɴʷ b bˁ bʷ bʷˁ d dˁ dʷ dʷˁ ɖ ɖˁ ɖʷ ɖʷˁ g gʷ ɢ ɢʷ p pˁ pʷ pʷˁ t tˁ tʷ tʷˁ ʈ ʈˁ ʈʷ ʈʷˁ k kʷ q qʷ qˁ qʷˁ pʼ pˁʼ pʷʼ pʷˁʼ tʼ tˁʼ tʷʼ tʷˁʼ ʈʼ ʈˁʼ ʈʷʼ ʈʷˁʼ kʼ kʷʼ qʼ qʷʼ qˁʼ qʷˁʼ ɓ ɓˁ ɓʷ ɓʷˁ ɗ ɗˁ ɗʷ ɗʷˁ ᶑ ᶑˁ ᶑʷ ᶑʷˁ ɠ ɠʷ ʛ ʛʷ w wˁ ɥ j jˁ r rˁ rʷ rʷˁ l lˁ lʷ lʷˁ ɭ ɭˁ ɭʷ ɭʷˁ a ə i u
        • Numbers:
    • Both geminates and ejectives
      • Bantu gib stage: semá, chíŋoró, nánse, lómpe, tálíŋí, njamá, ronje, lenje, mbánse, ŋgéyoró
        • smá, tíongra, náiz, lóibe, táilnge, dmá, raidé, lidé, báiz, géar
          • very very weird: smaa, steengra, naazh, lokht, taalngey, dwaa, ruzday, lizday, baazh, yayra
      • Primitive Hmooby-Doo: Primitive Terg pseudo-gib
        • Hmooby-Doo: geev /geːv/, dxij /g!iː/, nag /nag/, schlawb /ɬaub/, deuj /dəɨj/, txaav /!aːv/, rood /roːd/, lööd /løːd/, pag /pag/, qia /qia/
      • Ejectives > geminates
    • Czechmate: zamńa, žŋir, ńaca, ľuba, ďaňeŋ, čomńa, ridža, ňedža, pľaca, ćijir
    • Talsmic-esque: Pyr Chilse's law followed by f > kw, sz > X > q, s > x > k; x, X > 0, k > q, q > qˁ; p t ʈ k kʷ q qˁ r l m n ɲ ŋ; words ending in : and ::: trigger raddooppiiaaammeennttoo
      • Kammalic^2: qemm, rtingorr, naa, laukw, tarling, qamm, roqq, rleqq, kwaa, eyorr (rl = /ɺ/)
    • Kammalian: géma, rdingór, nakké, lawapé, darling, rtáma, rórté, rloyorté, pakké, qeyór
  • a e i o u w ä ö ü aa ee ii oo uu ww ää öö üü ai aü au aw ia üa ua wa
  • m hm n hn l hl r hr p ph np nph t th nt nth tr thr ntr nthr k kh nk nkh q qh nq nqh f nf y ny
  • l can occur in clusters such as pl, tl, kl...

Grammar

Quasi-polysynthetic with big clitic complexes or verbs