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| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| Tesseraec
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| The modern pieces of the language resurrected from a slightly waterlogged dictionary
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| Alphabet
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| Most of the phonetics aren’t actually confirmed, but just what seemed to fit well.
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| Consonants
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| Letter
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| IPA Phonetics
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| Notes
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| Bb
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| /b/
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| as in bird
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| Cc
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| /ʃ/
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| as in shell (not cat or cell)
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| Dd
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| /ð/
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| as in this, not as in thick
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| Gg
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| /ʤ/
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| as in joke, not as in genre or grace
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| Hh
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| /h/
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| as in house, or silent
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| Jj
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| /j/
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| as in yet
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| Kk
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| /k/
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| as in crack
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| Ll
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| /l/
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| as in lamb
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| Mm
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| /m/
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| as in middle
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| Nn
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| /n/ or /ŋ/
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| as in night or song
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| Pp
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| /ɸ/
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| position to say /p/, but make /f/ there instead
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| Rr
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| /ɹ/
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| as in rock, silent after [Aa] before a consonant
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| Ss
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| /s/
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| as in soul
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| Tt
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| /t/ or /d/
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| as in tall, doll (/t/ at the start of words, /d/ other)
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| Vv
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| /v/
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| as in voltage
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| Ww
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| /ʍ/ or /w/
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| as in whale, Wales (/ʍ/ initial, /w/ other)
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| Zz
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| /z/
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| as in zip
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| Vowels
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| All vowels start in complex form. A primitive sound is usually marked by two of the same consonant after the vowel or by a single-letter word; a glide is usually marked by two of the same consonant before, an [Aa] after, or by doubling the letter. Glides cannot be in the first syllable of a word.
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| Letter
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| Complex Sound
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| Primitive Sound
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| Glide
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| Aa
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| /æ/ as in cat
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| /a/ as in British start
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| /aʊ/ as in cow
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| Ee
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| /e/ as in they
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| /ɛ/ as in bed
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| /eɪ/ as in they
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| Ii
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| /i/ as in seed
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| /ɪ/ as in sit
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| /ɪ:/ as in sing
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| Oo
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| /ɔ/ as in sword
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| /a/ as in father
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| /oʊ/ as in coat
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| Øø
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| /ø/, similar to bird
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| /əɹ/ as in sir
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| /ə/ as in sofa
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| Uu
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| /u/ as in boot
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| /ʊ/ as in put
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| /ɪu:/ as in ew
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| Digraphs and Ligatures
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| Letters
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| IPA Phonetics
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| Notes
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| AE/ae
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| /aɪ/
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| as in pie
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| Æ/æ
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| /æ/
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| used sometimes to indicate complex [Aa]
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| AU/au
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| /aʊ/
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| used sometimes to indicate [Aa] glide
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| CC/cc
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| /ʧ/ or /k/
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| as in church, crack
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| CH/ch
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| /ʧ/
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| as in church
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| EY/ey
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| /eɪ/
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| used to indicate [Ee] glide at the end of a word
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| GG/gg
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| /g/
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| as in fog
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| NN/nn
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| /n/
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| as in night
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| OW/ow
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| /oʊ/
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| as in coat
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| PH/ph
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| /f/
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| as in phone
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| TH/th
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| /θ/
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| as in thick
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| UH/uh
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| /ʌ/
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| as in cut
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| UR/ur
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| /əɹ/
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| as in sir
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| VV/vv
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| /ʋ/
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| say /v/ and /w/ at the same time
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| ZH/zh
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| /ʒ/
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| as in genre
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| Examples
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| Word
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| Meaning + Part of Speech
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| IPA Phonetics
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| azhnur
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| if only (adv)
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| /æʒ’nəɹ/
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| clovve
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| to sleep (v)
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| /ʃlɑ’ʋeɪ/
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| hiccøa
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| achoo (interj)
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| /hɪ,ʧɪu:’/
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| Grammar
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| Syntax
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| Simple syntax is normally Subject-Verb-Object form, but it can change. This is just traditional; it can be said in any order because Tesseraec nouns have cases. Adjectives also usually come right before their noun(s), and indirect adverbs always come at the start of sentences.
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| Nouns and Pronouns
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| There are three types of nouns (pronouns included): Direct Nouns, Relative Nouns, and Locative Nouns. A general noun is a noun that can be all three. A noun is made up of its root and affix(es). For example, mi (/mi/) is a general noun that means “me,” orel (/ɔ,ɹel’/) is a general noun that means “ear,” and auri (/aʊ’ɹi/) is a relative noun means “one that hears.” It is often used in the relative place of “ear.” They are both distinctively feminine nouns, which is why they follow a slightly different pattern of endings from mi (non-feminine).
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| Direct Nouns
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| morph: i→e
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| Singular (Ex 1)¹
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| Plural (Ex 1)
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| Singular (Ex f.)
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| Plural (Ex f.)²
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| Ergative
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| miji (I)
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| miis (we)
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| orela (ear)
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| orelis (ears)
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| Accusative
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| meum (me)
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| meus (us)
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| orelum (ear)
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| orelus (ears)
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| Intransitive/
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| Vocative
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| miji (I)
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| mijus (we)
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| orela (ear)
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| orelae (ears)
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|
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| Relative Nouns
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| no morph
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| Singular (Ex 1)
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| Plural (Ex 1)
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| Singular (Ex f.)
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| Plural (Ex f.)
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| Genitive
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| omiji (my/mine)
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| omijis (ours)
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| aurio (hearer’s)
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| auriae (hearers’)
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| Dative
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| amijum (to me)
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| amijus (to us)
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| aurium (to ear)
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| aurius (to ears)
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| Instrumental
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| mijicc (with me)
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| miuns (using us)
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| auricc (with ear)
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| aurials (w/ ears)
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| Ablative
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| miun (about me)
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| miuns (about us)
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| aurial (than ear)
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| aurials (so, ears)
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|
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| Locative Nouns
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| morph: i→u
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| Singular (Ex 1)
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| Plural (Ex 1)
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| Singular (Ex f.)
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| Plural (Ex f.)
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| Positionitive
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| miøl (place of me)
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| mius (our place)
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| orelal (ear place)
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| orelius
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| Temporal
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| mivven (time of me)
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| mivves (our time)
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| orelven (ear time)
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| orelvas
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| Inessive
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| imiøl (in me)
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| imies (in us)
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| iorelal (in ear)
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| iorelvus
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|
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| Nouns can have prefixes, but not suffixes. For example, om- is the prefix meaning “self,” so the relative noun root for “myself” is hommi /ɑ’mɪ:/. Note: All reflexive pronouns are relative, but their genitive forms can be used as direct objects, depending on context. Informally, the initial o is usually dropped.
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| List of simple personal pronoun roots
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|
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| ¹Masculine
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| ²Feminine
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| ¹Inanimate/Epicene
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| 1st person
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| mi
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| mi
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| mi
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| 2nd person
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| toi
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| toi
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| iti, toi
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| 3rd person
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| hi
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| si
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| iti, si
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| Verbs
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| Verbs are not gendered, but endings are changed by person, tense, and mood. A verb consists of its root, ending, and sometimes an adverbal enclitic in the form of a prefix.
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|
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|
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| Indicative
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| Subjunctive
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| Interrogative
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| Pluperfect
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| -(e)nt, (ø)nt, (u)nt
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| -(e)ntis, (ø)nta, (u)nta
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| (e)ntud, (ø)ntud, (u)ntu
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| Imperfect
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| -(c)int, ønt, aunt
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| (c)intis, ønta, aunta
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| (c)intu, øntu, auntu
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| Recent past
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| -(e)d, (o)d, (u)d
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| -(et)is, otis/a, (ut)a
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| -(d)eu, ou, ua
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| Present
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| -(d)e, øu, au
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| -(d)e, øu, au
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| -(th)e, øu, au
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| Present continuous
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| -(d)it, aut, utt
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| -(d)it, aut, (w)ett
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| -(th)it, øt, ut
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| Future
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| -(e)nn, u, a
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| -(ei)nn, u, a
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| -(ei)kk, kku, kkal
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|
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| Adjectives and Adverbs
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| Each “adroot” can be attached to a verb or adjective as an enclitic prefix (acting as an adverb) or added to an adjective suffix (adjective form). These formed adjectives always need a noun to describe them.
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| Most common Adjective Suffixes
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| Suffix
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| -al/ack
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| -ekt/ecc
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| -ur(dv)
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| –(u)per/om
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| -(e)gre
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| -(ø)ccae
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| Meaning
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| adjective
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| partly/split
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| opposite
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| extra
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| maybe
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| strongly
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| Example
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| tual (2)
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| tuekt (½)
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| tuurdv (-2)
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| tuper (few)
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| tuegre (~2)
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| —
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| Example
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| maddack (bad/evil)
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| maddecc
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| (creepy)
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| maddur
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| (good)
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| madduper
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| (demonic)
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| —
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| maddøccae
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| (savage)
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| There are other suffixes, they are just not as used.
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| Prepositions
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| There are no words for “of,” “in,” “for,” or “at,” since these are included in nouns’ grammatical case. There are no postpositions. “Non” (not/no/never) can be used as a prefix to say the opposite. Here are some common prepositions and the case to use for the noun they are describing:
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| Word
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| Meaning
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| Case(s)
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| a
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| to, toward
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| Positionitive/Dative
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| an
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| beyond
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| Positionitive
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| konlic
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| through, between
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| Intstrumental/Positionitive
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| mulka
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| plus, with
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| Dative
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| wey
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| like, similar to
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| Dative
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| nonna
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| away from
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| Positionitive
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| nonmulka
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| without
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| Dative
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| nonwey
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| unlike
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| Dative
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|
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| If a noun modified by a preposition does not use the case described here, its meaning changes. For example “a orelal aumiji” means “toward my ear,” but “a iorelal aumiji” means “into my ear.”
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| Example sentences
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| “Miji wake”→”I walk.”
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| “Wakent maddack cupiøl eccau”→”I have walked where the evil store is now.”
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| “Se tuij øffe heum, øffeinn tuium”→”If you punch him, I’ll punch you.”
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| “Wakintis”→”I would run.”
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| “Tuijus øffou itium?”→“Did y’all punch it?”
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| “Miji spedwakint a iccupiøl”→“I was running into the store.”
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| Conjunctions
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| Conjunctions can connect any two words of the same part of speech or clauses. For example, “Wake et spedwake poa methe?” (literally “I should walk and I should speed walk or should I not”) means “Should I walk and run or not?”
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| Interjections
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| Normally two words in a contraction, except for these:
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| “O”→ wow, whoa, awesome
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| “Te”→ yes, correct, OK
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| “Non”→ no, not happening, not true
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| “Ben”→ good, yay, congratulations
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| Examples of contraction interjections
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| “N’voimerget”→ contraction of “non” (not/never/no) and “novoimerge” (please/I need) used to beg, similar to “help” or literal “no, please!” /n:vɔɪˈmer.gət/
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| “Madda’kelv”→ contraction of “maddack” (bad/evil) and “eld” (flame) used as an expression of anger, similar to “ugh” or “dang it!” /maˈðə.kɛlvˌ/
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| Text Excerpts and Vocabulary
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| With the dictionary a ripped page was found with this written on it:
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| Tual Secti
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| Peri stubud. Grakei eccud sius! Siis bombud “N’voimerget!” Sett imoi nonpropud. Citihomes eccud vitlal. “Nonal homes propa? Mijus nesse imeum!”
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| Ograkei terrøl eccud homes eccau. Elda propud sius. Aulis bumbud sumal terrøl.
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| Sett peri hida, et hiji aktud. Eccud unal homum eccau. Ohiji verti eccud: marta grakeum. Morti pevatud ante hijum.
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| Hiji pre
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| That is all we have. The rest of the page is ripped off. The thought to be translation is this: “The boy stared in amazement. The dragon was there with them! They yelled ’Help!’ But no help came. The villagers were angry. ‘No people will come? We need help!’
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| “In the dragon’s land the people were now. Fire came in them. Screams sounded around the land.
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| “But the boy should hide, and he did. He was the only person now. His duty was to slay the dragon. Death stood before him.
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| “He…”
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| Simple Vocab
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| Word
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| Part of Speech
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| Deduced Translation
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| a
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| preposition
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| to, toward
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| aktent aktcint
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| verb
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| to do or act
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| an
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| preposition
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| beyond
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| aurio aurium auricc
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| noun
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| one that hears; ear
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| benal ben-
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| adroot
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| good, well
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| citial citi-
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| adroot
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| of the city/state/nation
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| cupiod ocupiod cupiøl
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| noun
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| shop, store, market stand
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| drollal drol-
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| adroot
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| dull, boring
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| drollent drollint
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| verb
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| to make another tired
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| eccent eccint
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| verb
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| to be
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| elda eldo eldalv
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| noun
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| fire
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| grakei ograkei grakøl
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| noun
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| dragon, great serpent
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| hiji ohiji hiøl
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| noun
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| male 3p pronoun (he, him, ...)
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| homine homineum homine
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| noun
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| person, human
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| iti itio itijicc
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| noun
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| inanimate pronoun (it, you, _)
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| itni itnium itnijicc
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| noun
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| a burning/living flame
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| Tesseraec
| |
| The modern pieces of the language resurrected from a slightly waterlogged dictionary
| |
| Alphabet
| |
| Most of the phonetics aren’t actually confirmed, but just what seemed to fit well.
| |
| Consonants
| |
| Letter
| |
| IPA Phonetics
| |
| Notes
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| Bb
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| /b/
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| as in bird
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| Cc
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| /ʃ/
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| as in shell (not cat or cell)
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| Dd
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| /ð/
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| as in this, not as in thick
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| Gg
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| /ʤ/
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| as in joke, not as in genre or grace
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| Hh
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| /h/
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| as in house, or silent
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| Jj
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| /j/
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| as in yet
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| Kk
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| /k/
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| as in crack
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| Ll
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| /l/
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| as in lamb
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| Mm
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| /m/
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| as in middle
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| Nn
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| /n/ or /ŋ/
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| as in night or song
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| Pp
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| /ɸ/
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| position to say /p/, but make /f/ there instead
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| Rr
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| /ɹ/
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| as in rock, silent after [Aa] before a consonant
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| Ss
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| /s/
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| as in soul
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| Tt
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| /t/ or /d/
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| as in tall, doll (/t/ at the start of words, /d/ other)
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| Vv
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| /v/
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| as in voltage
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| Ww
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| /ʍ/ or /w/
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| as in whale, Wales (/ʍ/ initial, /w/ other)
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| Zz
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| /z/
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| as in zip
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|
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| Vowels
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| All vowels start in complex form. A primitive sound is usually marked by two of the same consonant after the vowel or by a single-letter word; a glide is usually marked by two of the same consonant before, an [Aa] after, or by doubling the letter. Glides cannot be in the first syllable of a word.
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| Letter
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| Complex Sound
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| Primitive Sound
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| Glide
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| Aa
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| /æ/ as in cat
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| /a/ as in British start
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| /aʊ/ as in cow
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| Ee
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| /e/ as in they
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| /ɛ/ as in bed
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| /eɪ/ as in they
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| Ii
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| /i/ as in seed
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| /ɪ/ as in sit
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| /ɪ:/ as in sing
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| Oo
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| /ɔ/ as in sword
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| /a/ as in father
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| /oʊ/ as in coat
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| Øø
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| /ø/, similar to bird
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| /əɹ/ as in sir
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| /ə/ as in sofa
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| Uu
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| /u/ as in boot
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| /ʊ/ as in put
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| /ɪu:/ as in ew
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|
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| Digraphs and Ligatures
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| Letters
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| IPA Phonetics
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| Notes
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| AE/ae
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| /aɪ/
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| as in pie
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| Æ/æ
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| /æ/
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| used sometimes to indicate complex [Aa]
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| AU/au
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| /aʊ/
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| used sometimes to indicate [Aa] glide
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| CC/cc
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| /ʧ/ or /k/
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| as in church, crack
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| CH/ch
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| /ʧ/
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| as in church
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| EY/ey
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| /eɪ/
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| used to indicate [Ee] glide at the end of a word
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| GG/gg
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| /g/
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| as in fog
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| NN/nn
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| /n/
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| as in night
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| OW/ow
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| /oʊ/
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| as in coat
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| PH/ph
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| /f/
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| as in phone
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| TH/th
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| /θ/
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| as in thick
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| UH/uh
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| /ʌ/
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| as in cut
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| UR/ur
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| /əɹ/
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| as in sir
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| VV/vv
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| /ʋ/
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| say /v/ and /w/ at the same time
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| ZH/zh
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| /ʒ/
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| as in genre
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|
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| Examples
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| Word
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| Meaning + Part of Speech
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| IPA Phonetics
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| azhnur
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| if only (adv)
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| /æʒ’nəɹ/
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| clovve
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| to sleep (v)
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| /ʃlɑ’ʋeɪ/
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| hiccøa
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| achoo (interj)
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| /hɪ,ʧɪu:’/
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| Grammar
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| Syntax
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| Simple syntax is normally Subject-Verb-Object form, but it can change. This is just traditional; it can be said in any order because Tesseraec nouns have cases. Adjectives also usually come right before their noun(s), and indirect adverbs always come at the start of sentences.
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| Nouns and Pronouns
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| There are three types of nouns (pronouns included): Direct Nouns, Relative Nouns, and Locative Nouns. A general noun is a noun that can be all three. A noun is made up of its root and affix(es). For example, mi (/mi/) is a general noun that means “me,” orel (/ɔ,ɹel’/) is a general noun that means “ear,” and auri (/aʊ’ɹi/) is a relative noun means “one that hears.” It is often used in the relative place of “ear.” They are both distinctively feminine nouns, which is why they follow a slightly different pattern of endings from mi (non-feminine).
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| Direct Nouns
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| morph: i→e
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| Singular (Ex 1)¹
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| Plural (Ex 1)
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| Singular (Ex f.)
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| Plural (Ex f.)²
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| Ergative
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| miji (I)
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| miis (we)
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| orela (ear)
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| orelis (ears)
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| Accusative
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| meum (me)
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| meus (us)
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| orelum (ear)
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| orelus (ears)
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| Intransitive/
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| Vocative
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| miji (I)
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| mijus (we)
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| orela (ear)
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| orelae (ears)
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|
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| Relative Nouns
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| no morph
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| Singular (Ex 1)
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| Plural (Ex 1)
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| Singular (Ex f.)
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| Plural (Ex f.)
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| Genitive
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| omiji (my/mine)
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| omijis (ours)
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| aurio (hearer’s)
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| auriae (hearers’)
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| Dative
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| amijum (to me)
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| amijus (to us)
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| aurium (to ear)
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| aurius (to ears)
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| Instrumental
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| mijicc (with me)
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| miuns (using us)
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| auricc (with ear)
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| aurials (w/ ears)
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| Ablative
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| miun (about me)
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| miuns (about us)
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| aurial (than ear)
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| aurials (so, ears)
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| Locative Nouns
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| morph: i→u
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| Singular (Ex 1)
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| Plural (Ex 1)
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| Singular (Ex f.)
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| Plural (Ex f.)
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| Positionitive
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| miøl (place of me)
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| mius (our place)
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| orelal (ear place)
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| orelius
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| Temporal
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| mivven (time of me)
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| mivves (our time)
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| orelven (ear time)
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| orelvas
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| Inessive
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| imiøl (in me)
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| imies (in us)
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| iorelal (in ear)
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| iorelvus
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|
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| Nouns can have prefixes, but not suffixes. For example, om- is the prefix meaning “self,” so the relative noun root for “myself” is hommi /ɑ’mɪ:/. Note: All reflexive pronouns are relative, but their genitive forms can be used as direct objects, depending on context. Informally, the initial o is usually dropped.
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| List of simple personal pronoun roots
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|
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| ¹Masculine
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| ²Feminine
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| ¹Inanimate/Epicene
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| 1st person
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| mi
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| mi
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| mi
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| 2nd person
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| toi
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| toi
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| iti, toi
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| 3rd person
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| hi
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| si
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| iti, si
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| Verbs
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| Verbs are not gendered, but endings are changed by person, tense, and mood. A verb consists of its root, ending, and sometimes an adverbal enclitic in the form of a prefix.
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|
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|
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| Indicative
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| Subjunctive
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| Interrogative
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| Pluperfect
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| -(e)nt, (ø)nt, (u)nt
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| -(e)ntis, (ø)nta, (u)nta
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| (e)ntud, (ø)ntud, (u)ntu
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| Imperfect
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| -(c)int, ønt, aunt
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| (c)intis, ønta, aunta
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| (c)intu, øntu, auntu
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| Recent past
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| -(e)d, (o)d, (u)d
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| -(et)is, otis/a, (ut)a
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| -(d)eu, ou, ua
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| Present
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| -(d)e, øu, au
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| -(d)e, øu, au
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| -(th)e, øu, au
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| Present continuous
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| -(d)it, aut, utt
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| -(d)it, aut, (w)ett
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| -(th)it, øt, ut
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| Future
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| -(e)nn, u, a
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| -(ei)nn, u, a
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| -(ei)kk, kku, kkal
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| Adjectives and Adverbs
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| Each “adroot” can be attached to a verb or adjective as an enclitic prefix (acting as an adverb) or added to an adjective suffix (adjective form). These formed adjectives always need a noun to describe them.
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| Most common Adjective Suffixes
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| Suffix
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| -al/ack
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| -ekt/ecc
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| -ur(dv)
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| –(u)per/om
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| -(e)gre
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| -(ø)ccae
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| Meaning
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| adjective
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| partly/split
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| opposite
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| extra
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| maybe
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| strongly
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| Example
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| tual (2)
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| tuekt (½)
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| tuurdv (-2)
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| tuper (few)
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| tuegre (~2)
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| —
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| Example
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| maddack (bad/evil)
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| maddecc
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| (creepy)
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| maddur
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| (good)
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| madduper
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| (demonic)
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| —
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| maddøccae
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| (savage)
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| There are other suffixes, they are just not as used.
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| Prepositions
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| There are no words for “of,” “in,” “for,” or “at,” since these are included in nouns’ grammatical case. There are no postpositions. “Non” (not/no/never) can be used as a prefix to say the opposite. Here are some common prepositions and the case to use for the noun they are describing:
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| Word
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| Meaning
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| Case(s)
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| a
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| to, toward
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| Positionitive/Dative
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| an
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| beyond
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| Positionitive
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| konlic
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| through, between
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| Intstrumental/Positionitive
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| mulka
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| plus, with
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| Dative
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| wey
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| like, similar to
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| Dative
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| nonna
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| away from
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| Positionitive
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| nonmulka
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| without
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| Dative
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| nonwey
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| unlike
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| Dative
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| If a noun modified by a preposition does not use the case described here, its meaning changes. For example “a orelal aumiji” means “toward my ear,” but “a iorelal aumiji” means “into my ear.”
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| Example sentences
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| “Miji wake”→”I walk.”
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| “Wakent maddack cupiøl eccau”→”I have walked where the evil store is now.”
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| “Se tuij øffe heum, øffeinn tuium”→”If you punch him, I’ll punch you.”
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| “Wakintis”→”I would run.”
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| “Tuijus øffou itium?”→“Did y’all punch it?”
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| “Miji spedwakint a iccupiøl”→“I was running into the store.”
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| Conjunctions
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| Conjunctions can connect any two words of the same part of speech or clauses. For example, “Wake et spedwake poa methe?” (literally “I should walk and I should speed walk or should I not”) means “Should I walk and run or not?”
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| Interjections
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| Normally two words in a contraction, except for these:
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| “O”→ wow, whoa, awesome
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| “Te”→ yes, correct, OK
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| “Non”→ no, not happening, not true
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| “Ben”→ good, yay, congratulations
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| Examples of contraction interjections
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| “N’voimerget”→ contraction of “non” (not/never/no) and “novoimerge” (please/I need) used to beg, similar to “help” or literal “no, please!” /n:vɔɪˈmer.gət/
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| “Madda’kelv”→ contraction of “maddack” (bad/evil) and “eld” (flame) used as an expression of anger, similar to “ugh” or “dang it!” /maˈðə.kɛlvˌ/
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| Text Excerpts and Vocabulary
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| With the dictionary a ripped page was found with this written on it:
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| Tual Secti
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| Peri stubud. Grakei eccud sius! Siis bombud “N’voimerget!” Sett imoi nonpropud. Citihomes eccud vitlal. “Nonal homes propa? Mijus nesse imeum!”
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| Ograkei terrøl eccud homes eccau. Elda propud sius. Aulis bumbud sumal terrøl.
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| Sett peri hida, et hiji aktud. Eccud unal homum eccau. Ohiji verti eccud: marta grakeum. Morti pevatud ante hijum.
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| Hiji pre
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| That is all we have. The rest of the page is ripped off. The thought to be translation is this: “The boy stared in amazement. The dragon was there with them! They yelled ’Help!’ But no help came. The villagers were angry. ‘No people will come? We need help!’
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| “In the dragon’s land the people were now. Fire came in them. Screams sounded around the land.
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| “But the boy should hide, and he did. He was the only person now. His duty was to slay the dragon. Death stood before him.
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| “He…”
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| Simple Vocab
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| Word
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| Part of Speech
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| Deduced Translation
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| a
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| preposition
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| to, toward
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| aktent aktcint
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| verb
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| to do or act
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| an
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| preposition
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| beyond
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| aurio aurium auricc
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| noun
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| one that hears; ear
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| benal ben-
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| adroot
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| good, well
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| citial citi-
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| adroot
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| of the city/state/nation
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| cupiod ocupiod cupiøl
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| noun
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| shop, store, market stand
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| drollal drol-
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| adroot
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| dull, boring
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| drollent drollint
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| verb
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| to make another tired
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| eccent eccint
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| verb
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| to be
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| elda eldo eldalv
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| noun
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| fire
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| grakei ograkei grakøl
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| noun
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| dragon, great serpent
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| hiji ohiji hiøl
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| noun
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| male 3p pronoun (he, him, ...)
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| homine homineum homine
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| noun
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| person, human
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| iti itio itijicc
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| noun
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| inanimate pronoun (it, you, _)
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| itni itnium itnijicc
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| noun
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| a burning/living flame
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