Proto-Pulchric: Difference between revisions
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Proto-Pulchric has other postpositions as well: ''mi'' (in), ''ro'' (with), ''po'' (like), ... | Proto-Pulchric has other postpositions as well: ''mi'' (in), ''ro'' (with), ''po'' (like), ... | ||
=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| First person || '' | | First person || ''me:'' || ''ko:NGe'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Second person || '' | | Second person || ''tihe'' || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Third person || '' | | Third person || ''qel'' || | ||
|} | |} | ||
Proto-Pulchric | Proto-Pulchric lacks second and third person plural forms, so either the singular forms are used or combined with the word ''emmi'' (many). The word ''ko:NGe'' also means "people, folk" (like German "Leute"). | ||
Verbs | ===Verbs=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! "to | ! ''qi:To-'' "to think" !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |||
| First person || ''qi:Ton'' || ''qi:Tome'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Second person || ''qi:Tod'' || ''qi:Tote'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Third person || ''qi:Tob'' || ''qi:Towa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Impersonal | ||
|colspan=2| ''qi:Te:PPi'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! "to | ! ''met-'' "to eat" !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |||
| First person || ''metin'' || ''metime'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Second person || ''metid'' || ''metite'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Third person || ''metib'' || ''metiwa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Impersonal | ||
|colspan=2| ''mete:PPi'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
Proto-Pulchric often uses verbal nouns, which use the suffix ''-a:t'' or ''-or'' depending on the verb. | |||
Verbs do not inflect for tense in general. There are a few exceptions though. The copula 'to be' inflects as follows in the present tense: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! "to be" !! | !rowspan=2| "to be" | ||
!colspan=2|Present | |||
!colspan=2|Past | |||
!colspan=2|Future | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | First person || ''qor'' || ''qore'' || ''pem'' || ''peme'' ||''ki:nan'' || ''ki:name'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Third person || ''ki:nab'' || ''ki:nawa'' | | Second person || ''qod'' || ''qote'' || ''pen'' || ''pette'' ||''ki:nad'' || ''ki:nate'' | ||
|- | |||
| Third person || ''qob'' || ''qowa'' || ''pem'' || ''pewa'' ||''ki:nab'' || ''ki:nawa'' | |||
|- | |||
| Impersonal | |||
|colspan=2| ''qore:PPi'' | |||
|colspan=2| ''peme:PPi'' | |||
|colspan=2| ''ki:ne:PPi'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
Proto-Pulchric word order is head-final and SVO. In Rencadic dialects it's V2, just like German. | |||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
Noun phrases are head-initial if the modifier is a relative clause and head-final if the modifier is an adjective. The words ''qel'' (animate) and ''Tau'' (inanimate) are used as relative pronouns. | |||
''Daha qel qi:Tob'' "the person who thinks" | |||
===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
===Sentence phrase=== | ===Sentence phrase=== | ||
Revision as of 22:39, 24 February 2016
Introduction
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | phar. | plain | phar. | plain | phar. | ||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | M /mˁ/ | n /n/ | N /nˁ/ | ng /ŋ/ | NG /ɴ/ | |||
| Stop | tenuis | p /p/ | P /pˁ/ | t /t/ | T /tˁ/ | k /k/ | q /q/ | ||
| voiced | b /b/ | B /bˁ/ | d /d/ | D /dˁ/ | g /ɡ/ | G /ɢ/ | |||
| Fricative | h /h/ | ||||||||
| Trill/Tap | r /ɾ/ | R /ɾˁ/ | |||||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | L /lˁ/ | y /j/ | |||||
Every consonant except /w j h/ can occur geminated between vowels.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | i: /iː/ | u /u/ | u: /uː/ | ||
| Mid | e /e/ | e: /eː/ | o /o/ | o: /oː/ | ||
| Open | a /a/ | a: /aː/ | ||||
Diphthongs: /ai/ /au/ (written ai au respectively)
Phonotactics
Only CV syllables are allowed, except:
- a geminate consonant can begin a non-initial syllable (gemination is indicated in the orthography by doubling the consonant letter; geminate ng and NG are written nng and NNG respectively)
- CVC is allowed as the last syllable
Stress
Stress is almost always on the first long syllable, or if no syllable is long, the last syllable in the Rencadic dialect and the first syllable in the Luminese dialect.
Morphophonology
Morphology
Proto-Pulchric has an extremely simple morphology, almost completely isolating.
Nouns
| Baira "leaf" | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Baira | Baira emmi |
| Accusative | Baira ta | Baira emmi ta |
| Genitive | Baira i | Baira emmi i |
Proto-Pulchric has other postpositions as well: mi (in), ro (with), po (like), ...
Pronouns
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | me: | ko:NGe |
| Second person | tihe | |
| Third person | qel |
Proto-Pulchric lacks second and third person plural forms, so either the singular forms are used or combined with the word emmi (many). The word ko:NGe also means "people, folk" (like German "Leute").
Verbs
| qi:To- "to think" | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| First person | qi:Ton | qi:Tome |
| Second person | qi:Tod | qi:Tote |
| Third person | qi:Tob | qi:Towa |
| Impersonal | qi:Te:PPi | |
| met- "to eat" | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| First person | metin | metime |
| Second person | metid | metite |
| Third person | metib | metiwa |
| Impersonal | mete:PPi | |
Proto-Pulchric often uses verbal nouns, which use the suffix -a:t or -or depending on the verb.
Verbs do not inflect for tense in general. There are a few exceptions though. The copula 'to be' inflects as follows in the present tense:
| "to be" | Present | Past | Future | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| First person | qor | qore | pem | peme | ki:nan | ki:name |
| Second person | qod | qote | pen | pette | ki:nad | ki:nate |
| Third person | qob | qowa | pem | pewa | ki:nab | ki:nawa |
| Impersonal | qore:PPi | peme:PPi | ki:ne:PPi | |||
Syntax
Constituent order
Proto-Pulchric word order is head-final and SVO. In Rencadic dialects it's V2, just like German.
Noun phrase
Noun phrases are head-initial if the modifier is a relative clause and head-final if the modifier is an adjective. The words qel (animate) and Tau (inanimate) are used as relative pronouns.
Daha qel qi:Tob "the person who thinks"