Ufirlandisg

Jiudisg/Lexicon

Introduction

Ufirlandisg (/ˈt͡ʃjəwtʲisk/; from PGmc *þiudiskaz) is an alternate history Germanic language inspired by Mandarin and the Pfeunic language Qiāmxdier. It is spoken in the area of real-world France.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes

		Labial		Dental/Alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
		plain	pal.	plain	pal.
Nasal		m m	mı mʲ	n n̪	nı nʲ
Stop /Affricate	tenuis	b p	bı pʲ	d t̪, z t̪s	dı tʲ	j tʃ	g k
	aspirated	p pʰ	pı pʲʰ	t t̪ʰ	tı tʲʰ	q tʃʰ	k kʰ
Fricative		f f	fı fʲ	s s		x ʃ		h h
Approximant	central	w w	yu ɥ	r, rı ɹ		y j
	lateral			l ɫ	lı lʲ

Jiudisg has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.

When consonants written with ı is followed by a vowel, the ı is replaced with an i (except with /i/ and /iː/).

Vowels

Vowel phonemes

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/, ü /y/	ī /iː/, ǖ /yː/			u /u/	ū /uː/
Close-mid			e, (i)e, (yu)e /ə/	ē [ɘː]
Mid	(i)a, (yu)e, (ü)e, (u)e [ɛ]	(i)ā, (yu)ē, (ü)ē, (u)ē [ɛː]	[ə]	er /ɜː/		(u)ō /ɔː/
Open			a /a/	ā /aː/

Diphthongs: ao ou iu ar/ār ēr ier īr/ir our/ūr/ur ür/üer/yuer /aʊ̯ əʊ̯ jəʊ̯ ɑə(ɹ) ɜː(ɹ) jɛə(ɹ) ɔə(ɹ) ɥœə(ɹ)/

/ɑə(ɹ) ɜː(ɹ) ɛə(ɹ) ɔə(ɹ)/ are pronounced like Received Pronunciation START, NURSE, SQUARE and NORTH. Younger speakers monophthongize the r-colored vowels to /ɑː ɜː jɛː oː ɥœː/ and use intrusive r. Some dialects are rhotic.

In unstressed syllables, the hard vowels a, e correspond to the soft vowels ie/yue/üe/ue, i.

Morphology

Nouns

Ufirlandisg nouns have 2 numbers and 2 cases, but no grammatical gender. The endings are fairly conservative. However, there has been some conflation between different declension paradigms. The nominative has merged with the accusative, and the dative with the genitive. The genitive is thus also used as a dative: Yak gab se quanar en apel. /jak kap sə ˈtɕɥœnɑɹ ən ˈapʰəɫ/ 'I gave the woman an apple.'

The indefinite article is indeclinable: e is used before consonants and en before vowels. The definite article is likewise always se.

a-stems

Also includes the an-stem nouns (which have regularized their declension).

a-stem: dal 'valley'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dal	dale
Genitive	dale	dalem

ja-stem: namen 'name'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	namen	namne
Genitive	namne	namnem

ja-stem: bax 'berry'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	bax	baxi
Genitive	baxi	baxim

Vowel stems

This class also includes the former ō-stems and u-stems (whose stems end in a hard consonant) and former i-stems, īn-stems and z-stems (whose stems end in a soft consonant).

ō-stem: nasa 'nose'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nasa	nasar
Genitive	nasar	nasam

u-stem: xuda 'custom'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	xuda	xudar
Genitive	xudar	xudam

i-stem: geburjie 'birth'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	geburjie	geburjier
Genitive	geburjier	geburjiem

īn-stem: lanjinie 'length'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lanjinie	lanjinier
Genitive	lanjinier	lanjiniem

z-stem: lambie 'lamb'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lambie	lambier
Genitive	lambier	lambiem

r-stems

This class includes only these kinship terms: fadier 'father', mādier 'mother', brājier (gen. sg. brāzra) 'brother', dūtier 'daughter', xuextier (gen. sg. xuestra) 'sister'.

r-stem: fadier 'father'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	fadier	fadrar
Genitive	fadrar	fadram

Other irregular nouns

muon 'man'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	muon	manier
Genitive	manier	muonam

Pronouns

case	1sg.	2sg.	3sg.			1pl.	2pl.	3pl.	reflexive
			'he'	'she'	'it'
nom.	yak	zū	ir	xī	it	yǖr	yūr	yā	-
acc.	mik	jik	ina	iya	it	unx	youwe, you	yā	xik
dat.	mir	jir	ime	yare	ime	unx	youwe, you	imi	xir
gen.	mīn	jīn	yas	yarar	yas	unxier	your	yara	xīn

Adjectives

Most adjectives take -a (for hard stems) or -ie (for soft stems) if it is definite or plural: cf. se liao watnie 'the lukewarm water' vs. liao watnie 'lukewarm water' vs. se watnie ix liao 'the water is lukewarm'.

The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes -ier and -iesd: suōt, suōtier, suōtiesd 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.

There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.

Meaning	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
"good"	gād	batier	basd
"bad"	ubiel	yürxier	yürsd
"many"	füel	mēr	mēsd
"high"	hao	haoyuer	hafsd
"near"	niao	niaoyuer	niafsd

Verbs

The verbal system is the most conservative part of Jiudesg grammar. Verbs have three paradigms: athematic stems, thematic a-stems and thematic i-stems.

Most verbs have three principal parts: the present stem (remove the -n from the infinitive), the past stem and the past participle. The past subjunctive always uses the past participle stem.

Thematic verbs

-an verbs

This is the most productive class of verbs.

makan 'to make'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	maka	makax	makaj	makam	makaz	makanj
present subjunctive	maka	makas	maka	makam	makaz	makan
past indicative	makadie	makadiesd	makadie	makadiem	makadied	makadien
past subjunctive	makadi	makadisd	makadi	makadim	makadid	makadin
imperative	-	maka!	-	-	makaz!	-
present participle	makand
past participle	makad

Also: liaofan 'love', lirnan 'learn'

-in verbs

rēqin 'to reach'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	rēqi	rēqix	rēqij	rēqim	rēqiz	rēqinj
present subjunctive	rēqi	rēqis	rēqi	rēqim	rēqiz	rēqin
past indicative	rēqidie	rēqidiesd	rēqidie	rēqidiem	rēqidied	rēqidien
past subjunctive	rēqidi	rēqidisd	rēqidi	rēqidim	rēqidid	rēqidin
imperative	-	rēqi!	-	-	rēqiz!	-
present participle	rēqind
past participle	rēqid

Also: arbēdin 'work'; haorin 'hear'; lērin 'teach'; sajin 'say'; ertalin 'tell, recount'; ranin 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'

Verbs with a long vowel and dental suffix t in the past tense, e.g. brinjin, brātie, brāt 'bring'; bujin, būtie, būt 'buy'; zanqin, zātie, zāt - 'think' form a small subclass of the -in verbs.

Athematic verbs

Strong class 1

bīten 'to bite'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	bīta	bītier	bītiedı	bītem	bītied	bītendı
present subjunctive	bīte	bīter	bīte	bītem	bīted	bīten
past indicative	bēt	bētsd	bēt	bētam	bētad	bētan
past subjunctive	biti	bitisd	biti	bitim	bitid	bitin
imperative	-	bīt!	-	-	bītied!	-
present participle	bītend
past participle	biten

Also: xjīnen, sgēn, xjinen 'shine', drīfen, drēf, drifen 'drive', klīfen, klēf, klifen 'stick, cling', rīten, rēt, riten 'write'

Strong class 2

qiaosen 'to choose'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	qiaosa	qiaoxier	qiaoxiedı	qiaosem	qiaoxied	qiaosendı
present subjunctive	qiaose	qiaoser	qiaose	qiaosem	qiaosed	qiaosen
past indicative	kaos	kaosd	kaos	kaosam	kaosad	kaosan
past subjunctive	kuri	kurisd	kuri	kurim	kurid	kurin
imperative	-	qiaos!	-	-	qiaoxied!	-
present participle	qiaosend
past participle	kuren

Also: biaoden, baod, buden 'offer, bid', biaogen, baog, bugen 'bow', fliaogen, flaog, flugen 'fly', fliaowen, flao, fluwen 'flee, escape', friaosen, fraos, frusen 'freeze'

Strong class 3

binden 'to tie, to bind'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	binda	bindier	bindiedı	bindem	bindied	bindendı
present subjunctive	binde	binder	binde	bindem	binded	binden
past indicative	band	bandsd	band	bandam	bandad	bandan
past subjunctive	bundi	bundisd	bundi	bundim	bundid	bundin
imperative	-	bind!	-	-	bindied!	-
present participle	bindend
past participle	bunden

Also: bieginen, biegan, biegunen 'begin'; drinken, drank, drunken 'drink'; finzen, fanz, funzen 'find'; grinden, grand, grunden 'grind'; rinen, ran, runen 'run'; singen, sang, sungen 'sing'; sbringen, sbrang, sbrungen 'burst, explode'; yuerpen, warp, wurpen 'throw'; zringen, zrang, zrungen 'press, force, push through'

Strong class 4

In Jiudisg, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.

biaren 'to carry'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	biara	biarier	biariedı	biarem	biaried	biarendı
present subjunctive	biare	biarer	biare	biarem	biared	biaren
past indicative	bar	barsd	bar	baram	barad	baran
past subjunctive	buri	burisd	buri	burim	burid	burin
imperative	-	biar!	-	-	biaried!	-
present participle	biarend
past participle	buren

Also: briaken, brak, bruken 'break', niamen, nam, numen 'take', qiamen, kam, kumen 'come', sbriaken, sbrak, sbruken 'speak', xdialen, sdal, sdulen 'steal', hialpen, halp, hulpen 'help', driasg, drasg, drusgen 'thresh', xdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen 'die'

Strong class 5

jiafen 'to give'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	jiafa	jiafier	jiafiedı	jiafem	jiafied	jiafendı
present subjunctive	jiafe	jiafer	jiafe	jiafem	jiafed	jiafen
past indicative	gaf	gafsd	gaf	gafam	gafad	gafan
past subjunctive	jiafi	jiafisd	jiafi	jiafim	jiafid	jiafin
imperative	-	jiaf!	-	-	jiafied!	-
present participle	jiafend
past participle	jiafen

Also: driapen, drap, driapen 'hit, meet', ferjiaten, fergat, ferjiaten 'forget', liasen, las, liaren 'read', xiawen, sao, xiawen 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs bidin, bad, biaden 'beg, pray', lijin, lag, liagen 'lie'

Strong class 6

grafen 'to dig'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	grafa	grafier	grafiedı	grafem	grafied	grafendı
present subjunctive	grafe	grafer	grafe	grafem	grafed	grafen
past indicative	grāf	grāfsd	grāf	grāfam	grāfad	grāfan
past subjunctive	grafi	grafisd	grafi	grafim	grafid	grafin
imperative	-	graf!	-	-	grafied!	-
present participle	grafend
past participle	grafen

Also: faren, fār, faren 'spread', slagen, slāg, slagen 'strike', standen, stānd, standen 'stand', wagsen, wāgs, wagsen 'grow', wasgen, wāsg, wasgen 'wash', yaten, yāt, yaten 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)

Strong class 7

hēten, hīt, hīten - to be called

laopen, liaop, liaopen - to leap

sdaoten, xdiaot, xdiaoten - to bump, crash

fān, fādie, fād - to catch

hald, hiald, hialden - to hold

liāten, līt, liāten - to let

xiān, xiādie, xiād - to sow

Preterite-present verbs

yüten 'to know'

yüten 'to know'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	wōt	wōsd	wōt	yütam	yütad	yütan
present subjunctive	yüti	yütir	yüti	yütim	yütid	yütin
past indicative	yüxdie	yüxdiesd	yüxdie	yüxdiem	yüxdied	yüxdien
past subjunctive	yüxdi	yüxdisd	yüxdi	yüxdim	yüxdid	yüxdin
imperative	-	yüsd!	-	-	yütad!	-
present participle	yütend
past participle	yüsd

kunen 'can'

kunen 'can'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	kan	kansd	kan	kunam	kunad	kunan
present subjunctive	kuni	kunir	kuni	kunim	kunid	kunin
past indicative	kundie	kundiesd	kundie	kundiem	kundied	kundien
past subjunctive	kundi	kundisd	kundi	kundim	kundid	kundin

Similarly sgulen 'should', zurfen 'must'.

magen 'may'

magen 'may'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	mag	magsd	mag	magam	magad	magan
present subjunctive	magi	magir	magi	magim	magid	magin
past indicative	mātie	mātiesd	mātie	mātiem	mātied	mātien
past subjunctive	māti	mātisd	māti	mātim	mātid	mātin

Other irregular verbs

yülen 'want to, will'

yülen 'want to, will'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	yǖ	yǖsd	yǖ	yǖm	yǖd	yǖn
present subjunctive	yüli	yülir	yüli	yülim	yülid	yülin
past indicative	yüldie	yüldiesd	yüldie	yüldiem	yüldied	yüldien
past subjunctive	yüldi	yüldisd	yüldi	yüldim	yüldid	yüldin

biaon 'be'

biaon 'to be'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	im	ir	ix	üram	ürad	üranj
present subjunctive	xiye	xiyer	xiye	xiyem	xiyed	xiyen
past indicative	was	wasd	was	yuēram	yuērad	yuēran
past subjunctive	yuēri	yuērisd	yuēri	yuērim	yuērid	yuērin
imperative	-	biao!	-	-	biaod!	-
present participle	yuesend
past participle	yuēren

han 'have (auxiliary)'

han 'to have (auxiliary)'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	ha	hax	haj	ham	haz	hanj
present subjunctive	hafe	hafis	hafi	hafim	hafiz	hafin
past indicative	hadie	hadiesd	hadie	hadiem	hadied	hadien
past subjunctive	hadi	hadisd	hadi	hadim	hadid	hadin
imperative	-	ha!	-	-	haz!	-
present participle	hafind
past participle	had

dān 'do'

dān 'to do'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	dā	dāx	dāj	dām	dāz	dānj
present subjunctive	dā	dās	dā	dām	dāz	dān
past indicative	diadie	diadiesd	diadie	diadiem	diadied	diadien
past subjunctive	diadi	diadisd	diadi	diadim	diadid	diadin
imperative	-	dā!	-	-	dāz!	-
present participle	dānd
past participle	dān

gān 'go'

gān 'to go'

tense	yak	zū	ir/xī/it	yǖr	yūr	yā
present indicative	gā	gāx	gāj	gām	gāz	gānj
present subjunctive	gā	gās	gā	gām	gāz	gān
past indicative	jiang	jiangsd	jiang	jiangam	jiangad	jiangan
past subjunctive	jianji	jianjisd	jianji	jianjim	jianjid	jianjin
imperative	-	gā!	-	-	gāz!	-
present participle	gānd
past participle	jiangen

Derivational morphology

• and-: 'de-, dis-'
• bie-: "be-", forms applicatives
  • biekrīten 'complain about' < krīten 'complain'
  • bierīten 'describe' < rīten 'write'
  • biesingen 'praise' < singen 'sing'
• -bier: '-able'
  • yatebier 'edible' < yaten 'to eat'
• er-: telic
• fer-: "for-"
  • ferwundran 'surprise, amaze' < wunder 'wonder, miracle'
• for-: "fore-"
• -ful: "-ful"
• ge-
  • gebiaren 'give birth' < biaren 'bear, carry'
• -laos: "-less"
• -lik: "-ly"; forms adjectives from nouns
  • wurdlik 'literal' < wurd 'word'
• -nunga: forms nouns from verbs
  • hētinunga 'heating' < hētin 'to heat'
• -sam: "-some"
• un-: "un-" (negation or opposite)
  • unrāwa 'unrest, unease'

Prepositions

Like in German, prepositions govern certain defined cases and change meaning based on the case of the noun. Prepositions may govern the nominative (accusative for pronouns) or the genitive (dative for pronouns). Ordinals are formed with the suffix -za.

Numbers

• 1: ēn /əːn/ (ordinal ērsd)
• 2: tuō /tʰwɔː/ (ordinal anzar)
• 3: zrī /tsɹiː/
• 4: fiur /fʲɔə/
• 5: finf /fʲinf/
• 6: xiags /ʃaks/
• 7: xuef /ʃɥœf/
• 8: āta /ˈaːtʰa/
• 9: niaon /nʲaun/
• 10: tiaon /tʲʰaun/
• 11: ēnlif
• 12: tuōlif
• 13: zrītiun
• 14: fiurtiun
• 15: finftiun
• 16: xiagstiun
• 17: xueftiun
• 18: āttiun
• 19: niaontiun
• 20: tuōntig
• 30: zrītig
• 40: fiurtig
• 50: finftig
• 60: xiagstig
• 70: xueftig
• 80: āttig
• 90: niaontig
• 100: hundrad
• 1000: zūsandı

Syntax

Constituent order

Word order is V2 (also SAuxVO), but is VSO in questions and VO in imperatives:

Xī ix mīn lērarı.

She is my teacher.

Jiasdern jiang yak bujin ubati.

Yesterday I went to buy fruit.

Wōsd zū zat ēnq?

Don't you know that?

Yat jīn krūtsakar!

Eat your vegetables!

Verbs are negated with ēnq:

Yak ferstanda ēnq huat zū sajix.

I don't understand what you're saying.