Latirdo

Latirdo (Latirdan kess/ψoⱶιɥҷoⱱ ϑ϶ƽƽ [latiːɾdan kɛsː]) is a fictional language developed for use in books including "Ulmusea" by Jude A. P. MacNair. Latirdo is spoken by close to 9 million people in Latirda, it's fictional theoretical place of origin. The language comes from the family sub-group West-Isiat and is grouped closely and is almost mutually intelligible with several other West-Isiat languages, such as "Leitídu", "Sukkista Isiat", and "Tehteluo". This language has been being constructed for over a year now and its dictionary has gotten to 3,200 words. Latirdo traditionally uses the Isialuior Script, but for ease of reading and typing, in this article the Latin Script is used to write.

Phonology

Latirdo is traditionally written using the Isialuior script, but the Latin Script is used for this article

CONSONANTS

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p		t d			k	ʔ
Fricative	β	v f θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ		ɤ	h
Affricate		dð	ts	tʃ dʒ
Lateral	lʷ		l
Tap/flap			ɾ
Approximant	w				j
Nasal	m		n			ŋ
Trill			ʀ

VOWELS

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː	ʏ ʏː	u uː
Mid	ɛ eː	ʌ	ɔ oː
Low	æ	a aː

-accented vowels are pronounced twice as long as normal

Orthography

	Front	Central	Back
High	i, í	ü, ű	u, ú
Mid	e, é	ö	o, ó
Low	ä	a á

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p		t d			k
Fricative	b	v f þ ð	s z	x j		g	h
Affricate		dð	ts	tx dj
Lateral	lw		l
Tap/flap			r
Approximant	w				y
Nasal	m		n			n(k)
Trill			rr

Morphology

Latirdo is an agglutinative / fusional language, straddling the two categories. The rule is that if it's one idea, it's one word, and crazily long words can be made by not only making compound words but conjugating and declining to add on length. The longest recorded "official" compound is murniarkavatiellanlatsukkusutaihtunovinitivintodussuyukkéodustalle, and that means with the deciduous forest's admirable official general's office building's big windows.

Grammar

Nouns

In Latirdo, nouns can be declined according to case, and number. And because of the subject and object marking with case, syntax is very flexible although it usually follows a pattern of SVO.

Noun Cases

CASE	Singular	Plural	Suffix
Nominative	Lira	Lirat	none
Accusative	Liret	Liratet	-t, -et
Genitive	Liran	Liraten	-n, -en
Comitative	Liralte	Liratalle	-lte, -alle
Vocative	Liras	Lirates	-s, -es

Pluralization

There are two numbers: singular, and plural. A noun is default singular alone, and requires a suffix to denote plurality, the suffix changes depending on the final letter of the noun, and nouns are pluralized BEFORE their case is specified.

lira → lirat (ending in -rV)

mluss → mlusst (ending in -s)

kava → kavar (ending in -V)

kúan → kúanar (ending in -nasal consonant)

ajor → ajorat (ending in -r)

tok → tokre (ending in plosive)

kiz → kizd (ending in -z)

-note for accusative with type A, the first listed, the final vowel is changed automatically to -e to differentiate from the plural, as both are defined with the suffix -t

Diminutive and Empowering

Nouns, before pluralization and declension, can take on a suffix denoting smallness, the diminutive, or largeness, the empowering.

diminutive -edis empowering -odus

lira → house, liredis → little house / cottage; lirodus → big house / mansion

-note the final vowel is changed to the first vowel of the suffix*

Adjectives

Adjective endings are changed depending on the gender of the noun they describe. Noun classes - or genders - in Latirdo have adjectives take the following forms

	Singular	Plural
Animate	lasið	lasirþ
Inanimate	lasiþ	lasirþ
Abstract	lasisk	lasirþ

Nouns Derived from Adjectives

The simple suffix -e can be put on the end of any adjective in its default INANIMATE form to make it a noun possessing the quality denoted by the adjective.

goáiþ → red

goáiþe → "the red one"

these nouns can be declined and pluralized just like any other noun.

Adverbs

Adverbs in Latirdo are non-existent and the regular adjectives are simply used because they can describe both nouns and verbs, although since verbs do not have gender, the adjective takes the default -þ for INANIMATE ending.

Numerals

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	20	30
Number	nei	mú	kej	xa	loi	góa	kóa	suvi	dra	vér	vernei	vermú	múver	kejver
Ordinal	neiþ	múlþ	keiþ	xaþ	loiþ	góaþ	kóaþ	suviþ	draþ	vereþ	verneiþ	vermúlþ	múvereþ	kejvereþ
Fractional	ómi	ximua	xikua	xixua	xilua	xigoua	xikoua	xidraua	xiverua	xiverneua	xivermua	xiverkua	xiverxua	xiverlua
Example	40	100	200	1,000	10,000	1,000,000	0
Number	xaver	dóyu	múdóyu	verdóyu	dóyuverdóyu	tuttu	ulla
Ordinal	xavereþ	dóyuþ	múdóyuþ	verdóyuþ	dóyuverdóyuþ	tuttuþ	ullaþ
Fractional	xixaverua	xidóyua	ximúdóyua	xiverdóyua	xidóyuverdóyua	xituttua	semi

Verbs

Verbs are by far the most complex part of speech in Latirdo, as every verb can have up to five hundred and some possible conjugations, since person, number, and mood are all denoted in the conjugation via prefixing and suffixing. Instead of building onto conjugation making long, incredibly complex verb forms, one may use the default verb "ft-" for mood and the verb done by the subject with conjugation.

Conjugation

↓person↓	Pluperfect	Past perfect	Perfect	Past	Recent	Present	Future	Imminent
1sg	mlimeksi	mlimelessa	mlimessa	mlimel	mlimelli	mlime	mlimetti	mlimettili
2sg	mlimoksi	mlimolossa	mlimossa	mlimol	mlimolli	mlimo	mlimotti	mlimottili
3sg	mlimaksi	mlimalassa	mlimassa	mlimal	mlimalli	mlima	mlimatti	mlimattili
3sg inan.	mlimauksi	mlimulussa	mlimaussa	mlimul	mlimulli	mlimau	mlimautti	mlimauttili
1pl	mlimemiksi	mlimemilessa	mlimensa	mlimemil	mlimemilli	mlimem	mlimenti	mlimentili
2pl	mlimomiksi	mlimomilossa	mlimonsa	mlimomil	mlimomilli	mlimom	mlimonti	mlimontili
3pl	mlimamiksi	mlimamilassa	mlimansa	mlimamil	mlimamilli	mlimam	mlimanti	mlimantili
1pl inc.	mliméoksi	mliméolossa	mliméossa	mliméol	mliméolli	mliméo	mliméotti	mliméottili

regular verb in use: mlim- (to drink)

inc. - inclusive; inan. - inanimate

Progressive tense

the progressive tense is denoted by adding the particle "sa" after the verb, and can be added onto any verb with any conjugation and tense.

Moods

Mood	Latirdo	Translation
Normal indicative	kuote	I want
Interrogative	lükuote	do I want?
Negative	uy-kuote	I do not want
Imperative	kuotenü	I must want
Possible	kuotenus	I may/can want

-if moods are to be used together, they are to be attached in the order that they are displayed in the chart. -moods are indicated AFTER personal and tense conjugation

Infinitive

The infinitive in Latirdo is formed by adding -ea or -rea on the end of the stem depending on if it ends in a vowel (except for u-), or not. If yes, the latter is used, if no, the former.

ai- → airea

kuot- → kuotea

vin- → vinea

mi- → mirea

Infinitives can also be treated like nouns, and can be declined, like in the sentence (I like to read) one would use the form "luea" as a noun, taking the COOMITATIVE case as is require with the verb "mirea", it would become (Eté mie luealte

Irregular Verbs

There are charted 15 irregular verbs in Latirdo, making it fairly low on irregularities. the following common verbs are irregular... airea, vintea, iestea, islairea, namea, ðoirea, erea. In this article, they will not be conjugated.

Pronouns

PERSONAL

	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Comitative
1sg	eté	es	en	elte
2sg	otó	os	on	olte
3sg	atá	as	an	alte
3sg inan.	űr	űret	űn	űlte
1pl	enté	est	eng	emalle
2pl	ontó	ost	ong	omalle
3pl	antá	ast	ang	amalle
1pl inc.	etéo	eost	eon	eolle
1+2+3	itoi	oist	oinen	oille

-there is no gender distinction in pronouns

RELATIVE

	interrogative	conjunctive	this...	that...	none...	every/all...
PERSON	mar	marmu	marí	marú	semar	ðumar
THING	mer	mermu	tai	tai	semer	ðumer
TIME	mor	mormu	mori	urú	semor	ðumor
PLACE	muér	muérmu	étte	ótte, urú	semuér	ðumuér
REASON	mirki	mirkimu	mirkí	mirkú	semirki	ðumirki
MEANS	miriga	mirig(a)mu	mirigí	mirigú	semiriga	ðumiriga

NOTE ON CONJUNCTIVE: In the conjunctive to say for example "with he who", one would use the conjunctive of person "marmu" and decline the "mar" to "malle" to get "mallemu - with he who", and this can be done with any of them by removing -r and adding -lle (mallemu, mellemu, mirkillemu, muéllemu) this also is done for accusative and other cases (metmu, matmu, muétmu).

CASES: Often pronouns are declined, which is done by removing -r and adding -t, which is a fairly simple rule. This chart only shoes the pronouns in their NOMINATIVE form. For example, to say "what are you doing?", the "what" is in the accusative, so mer → met (met oiro sa?)

Prepositions

Prepositions in Latirdo work the same way as they do in English. Here are some prepositions...

ðu - in

arðu - into

el - of

mlá - away from

geue - by

algeue - alongside

uf - over

el nuvu el - under

okxi - next to

el nóy (el) - outside

ðu þrú (el) - inside

ar - to

tilla - through

ulja - across

lúm - in terms of

Language Examples

Article one of the Universal Human Rights Declaration...

  Óm ajorat nolam horþ su vartarþ lúm sástolla su kuórmia. Antá fam malirþ tiyot su tissodat su faramassanü safkailanívkualte.

File:Latirdo Example.m4a

Recording of line

First paragraph of the book "Ulmusea"

  Femil toirþ ar tuðen jertar geue póvifojna uiknavissiþ el toroskira mu kaksal sa ar enté oz ivuttariar fíttaralle. Iss su iss aréjmemil, sti ðumor ugamil est. Uy-erul skúa nurkentiedis mu kassolnamil eng naset. Sti ftamil ðu tuss su siesodus. Sies erul xo el eng árastre, űret mu uy-gúremilus úai listrosemilus, ðumor holkemiksi sa ar kiri, merur quéar semor vinamiksi el fea nurkairþ. Okonar tiffarmisinamil, dauestottar ftamil véo, tvuirat iz essirirþ ar enté famil polstirþ.

  (σ϶өιψ ⱶơιɥƿ oɥ ⱶɞӈ϶ⱱ ҧ϶ɥⱶoɥ ɤ϶ɞ϶ ϱớϻισơҧⱱo ɞιϑⱱoϻιƽƽιƿ ϶ψ ⱶơɥơƽϑιɥo өɞ ϑoϑƽoψ ƽo oɥ ϶ⱱⱶɜ̃ ơƨ ιϻɞⱶⱶoɥιoɥ σíⱶⱶoɥoψψ϶. ιƽƽ ƽɞ ιƽƽ oɥɜ̃ҧө϶өιψ, ƽⱶι ӈɞөơɥ ɞɤoөιψ ϶ƽⱶ. ɞԇ-϶ɥɞψ ƽϑɞ᾿o ⱱɞɥϑ϶ⱱⱶι϶ҷιƽ өɞ ϑoƽƽơψⱱoөιψ ϶ⱱɤ ⱱoƽ϶ⱶ. ƽⱶι σⱶoөιψ ӈɞ ⱶɞƽƽ ƽɞ ƽι϶ƽơҷɞƽ. ƽι϶ƽ ϶ɥɞψ ɕơ ϶ψ ϶ⱱɤ óɥoƽⱶɥ϶, үүɥ϶ⱶ өɞ ɞԇ-ɤɞ᾿ɥ϶өιψɞƽ ɞ᾿oι ψιƽⱶɥơƽ϶өιψɞƽ, ӈɞөơɥ ɂơψϑ϶өιϑƽι ƽo oɥ ϑιɥι, ө϶ɥɞɥ ϑɞɜ̃oɥ ƽ϶өơɥ ϻιⱱoөιϑƽι ϶ψ σ϶o ⱱɞɥϑoιɥƿ. ơϑơⱱoɥ ⱶισσoɥөιƽιⱱoөιψ, ҷoɞ϶ƽⱶơⱶⱶoɥ σⱶoөιψ ϻɜ̃ơ, ⱶϻɞιɥoⱶ ιƨ-϶ƽƽ϶ψιɥƿ oɥ ϶ⱱⱶɜ̃ σoөιψ ϱơψƽⱶιɥƿ.)