Nurian: Difference between revisions
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|'''m'''||'''p'''||'''b'''||'''f'''||'''v'''||'''n'''||'''t'''||'''d'''||'''θ'''||'''ð'''||'''s'''||'''z'''||'''r'''||'''l'''||'''ñ'''||'''č'''||'''j'''||'''š'''||'''ž''' | |'''m'''||'''p'''||'''b'''||'''f'''||'''v'''||'''n'''||'''t'''||'''d'''||'''θ'''||'''ð'''||'''s'''||'''z'''||'''r'''||'''l'''||'''ñ'''||'''č'''||'''j'''||'''š'''||'''ž''' | ||
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====Vowels==== | ====Vowels==== | ||
Revision as of 21:17, 24 March 2016
| Nurian | |
|---|---|
| nūrimēs | |
| Pronunciation | [/ˈn̪ˠʊ˞ːrʲɪmʲæːs/] |
| Created by | IlL |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qnr |
Nurian (gathvēs nūrimēs /ˈgɐθvʲæːs ˈn̪ˠʊ˞rʲɪmʲæːs/) is a Talmic language descending from Thensarian, aesthetically inspired by Lithuanian, Arabic, Italian and English. Some accents end up sounding a lot like Mandarin.
Introduction
Nurian is spoken on the west coast of the continent called Kuderau by Wiebians. It is easily the most conservative Talmic language, though with signficant influence from Dwischric, in particular Mandarin Orange. It is spoken alongside Meezarric languages, Clofabic languages and New World Reber Wiebian.
Historical phonology
- Cl > Cj > Cʲ (Italian style): pl bl ml fl cl gl ngl chl ghl > pi bi mi fi ci gi ngi chi ghi
- Exceptions: ħl ȝl; nl, rl > ll
- C1C2 > C2C2 (similarly to Italian)
- mlīd - conclusion, end > mīd /mʲiːdˠ/
- ar- > aC- (ar- before vowels); as- > s-
Numbers
- 1: cēm /ˈt͡ʃæːmˠ/
- 2: tithōr /tʲɪˈθˠɔɚ/
- 3: narge /ˈnˠɑɚd͡ʒɛ/
- 4: dhaufe /ˈðˠɐʊfʲɛ/
- 5: salithe /ˈsˠɐlʲɪθˠɛ/
- 6: stām /ˈsˠtˠɑːmˠ/
- 7: rōde /ˈrˠoːdʲɛ/
- 8: lorethe /ɫɔɚˈrʲæθɛ/
- 9: farve /ˈfˠɑɚvʲɛ/
- 10: ħiōr /ˈħɔɚ/
- 11: cēmara /ˈt͡ʃæːmˠɑɚrˠɐ/ (< Themsarian cēmiħiore, influenced by Meetzarri emarra)
- 12: pide /ˈpʲɪdʲɛ/ (Zutarl pirdi)
- 144: tarthe /ˈtˠɑɚθɛ/
- 1728: ūbyc /ˈuːbˠɪ̞k/
Phonology
The Nurian consonant inventory contains around 42 consonants and 9 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic palatalization in hard-soft pairs, similar to Lithuanian; however, the Fiuschēra dialect or accent is an exception in that the hard-soft distinction is realized as pharyngealization versus lack of pharygealization. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.
Diaphonemes
Consonants
| Hard | ṃ | p̣ | ḅ | f̣ | ṿ | ṇ | ṭ | ḑ | θ̣ | ð̣ | ṣ | ẓ | ṛ | ḷ | ŋ | q | ġ | x | ğ | ħ | ʕ | h | y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soft | m | p | b | f | v | n | t | d | θ | ð | s | z | r | l | ñ | č | j | š | ž |
Vowels
Standard Dagȳne accent
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Radical | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | ||||||
| Nasal | /mˠ/ | /mʲ/ | /n̪ˠ/ | /nʲ/ | /ɲ/ | /ŋ/ | |||||
| Stop | tenuis | /pˠ/ | /pʲ/ | /t̪ˠ/ | /tʲ/ | /tʃ/ | /k/ | ||||
| voiced | /bˠ/ | /bʲ/ | /d̪ˠ/ | /dʲ/ | /dʒ/ | /ɡ/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | /fˠ/ | /fʲ/ | /θˠ/ | /θ/ | /sˠ/ | /sʲ/ | /ʃ/ | /x/ | /ħ/ | /h/ |
| voiced | /vˠ/ | /vʲ/ | /ðˠ/ | /ð/ | /zˠ/ | /zʲ/ | /ʒ/ | /ɣ/ | |||
| Trill | /rˠ/ | /rʲ/ | |||||||||
| Approximant | central | /j/ | /ʕ/ | ||||||||
| lateral | /lˠ/ | /lʲ/ | |||||||||
| Grapheme | m | p | b | f | v | n | t | d | th | dh | s | z | r | l | ng | c | g | ch | gh | ħ | ȝ | h | j |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hard | /mˠ/ | /pˠ/ | /bˠ/ | /fˠ/ | /vˠ/ | /nˠ/ | /tˠ/ | /dˠ/ | /θˠ/ | /ðˠ/ | /sˠ/ | /zˠ/ | /rˠ/ | /ɫ/ | /ŋ/ | /k/ | /ɡ/ | /x/ | /ɣ/ | /ħ/ | /ʕ/ | /h/ | /j/ |
| Soft | /mʲ/ | /pʲ/ | /bʲ/ | /fʲ/ | /vʲ/ | /nʲ/ | /tʲ/ | /dʲ/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /sʲ/ | /zʲ/ | /rʲ/ | /lʲ/ | /ɲ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | /ʃ/ | /ʒ/ |
- Notes
- Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
- All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, θˠ, ðˠ/, which are uvularized).
- All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, ʊ˞ː, o, oː, ɔ˞ː/.
- /tˠ, dˠ, nˠ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [t̪ˠ, d̪ˠ, n̪ˠ].
- /tʲ, dʲ, nʲ/ are laminal alveolar [t̻ʲ, d̻ʲ, n̻ʲ].
- /θˠ, θ, ðˠ, ð/ are dental spirants [θʶ, θ, ðʶ, ð].
- /sˠ, sʲ, zˠ, zʲ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [s̪ˠ, s̪ʲ, z̪ˠ, z̪ʲ].
- /rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ].
- /rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated.
- /lˠ/ is a uvularized apical alveolar [l̺ʶ] or uvularized laminal denti-alveolar [l̪ʶ].
- /lʲ/ is laminal alveolar [l̻ʲ].
- /ɲ/ is postpalatal [ɲ̄].
- /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are laminal palatalized alveolar [tʃʲ, dʒʲ, ʃʲ, ʒʲ].
- Before /k, ɡ/, /n/ is realized as velar [ŋ].
- /ħ/ has been variously described as pharyngeal [ħ] and epiglottal [ʜ].
- /ʕ/ is an epiglottal approximant [ʕ̞].
- /h/ is voiced [ɦ] after vowels and voiced consonants.
Vowels
Nurian shows an unusual vowel system, with rhotic vowels. There is a three-way contrast between short, long and rhotic vowels. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low short and rhotic vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | rhotic | short | rhotic | short | long | rhotic | |
| Close | /ɪ~ɪ̞/ | /iː/ | /e˞ː/ | [ɚ] | /ʊ/ | /uː/ | /ʊ˞ː/ | |
| Open | [ɛ~æ] | [æː] | [æ˞ː] | /a/ | /a˞ː/ | /aː/ | [ɑ˞ː] | |
Diphthongs: /aɪ aʊ iɛ uɔ/
- Short /ɪ/ is lowered to [ɪ̞] after hard consonants.
- /e˞ː/ has two allophones:
- [e˞ː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
- [ɨ˞ː] after non-radical hard consonants
- /a aː a˞ː/ each have three allophones:
- [ɐ~ɑ ɑː ɑ˞ː] after non-radical hard consonants
- [ɛ~æ æː æ˞ː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
- Unstressed rhotic vowels have a tendency to reduce in colloquial speech: /ʲe˞ ʲæ˞/ > [ʲɚ], /ˠɑ˞ ˠe˞/ > [ˠɚ], /ɔ˞ ʊ˞/ > [o˞].
Fiuschēra
Fiuschēra [fuʃˈʃæːrˁɑ] accent (Arabic-esque)
- Hard consonants > pharyngealized; soft consonants > plain
- o and ō are centralized
- θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ
- Non-rhotic
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Radical | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | ||||||
| Nasal | /mʶ/ | /m/ | /nʶ/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | /ŋ/ | |||||
| Stop | tenuis | /pʶ/ | /p/ | /tʶ/ | /t/ | /tʃ/ | /k/ | ||||
| voiced | /bʶ/ | /b/ | /dʶ/ | /d/ | /dʒ/ | /ɡ/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | /fʶ/ | /f/ | /θ/ | /sʶ/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /x~χ/ | /ħ/ | /h/ | |
| voiced | /vʶ/ | /ð/ | /zʶ/ | /z/ | /ʒ/ | /ɣ~ʁ/ | /ʕ/ | ||||
| Trill | /rʶ/ | /r/ | |||||||||
| Approximant | central | /wʶ/ | /w/ | /j/ | |||||||
| lateral | /l/ | ||||||||||
- Notes
- Hard consonants are uvularized, like Arabic emphatic consonants.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | /ɪ~ɪ̞/ | /iː/ | /ʊ/ | /uː/ | ||
| Open | [ɛ~æ] | [æː] | /a/ | /aː/ | [ɑ] | [ɑː] |
/ɐɪ ɐʊ iə~iɛ iɚ uɚ uə ɛɚ ɑɚ/ = /ɐj ɐw iə iɚ uɚ ɛɚ~æɚ ɚː ɑɚ/
Garubbia
"Non-rhotic Mandarin"
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Radical | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hard | soft | hard | soft | ||||||||
| Nasal | /m/ | /mʲ/ | /n/ | /nʲ/ | /ŋ/ | ||||||
| Stop | tenuis | /p/ | /pʲ/ | /t/ | /tʲ/ | /ts/ | /tʂ/ | /tɕ/ | /k/ | ||
| voiced | /b/ | /bʲ/ | /d/ | /dʲ/ | /dz/ | /dʐ/ | /dʑ/ | /ɡ/ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | /f/ | /fʲ/ | /s/ | /ʂ/ | /ɕ/ | /x/ | /ħ/ | /h/ | ||
| voiced | /v/ | /vʲ/ | /z/ | /ʐ/ | /ʑ/ | /ɣ/ | /ʕ/ | ||||
| Trill | /r/ | ||||||||||
| Approximant | central | /j/ | |||||||||
| lateral | /l/ | ||||||||||
- Notes
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | /ɪ/ | /iː/ | [ɨ] | [ɨː] | /ʊ/ | /uː/ |
| Open | [ɛ~æ] | [æː] | /ɐ/ | /aː/ | [ɒː] | |
- Notes
- Many vowels are centralized after retroflexes: /a aː i iː ɪɚ/ become [ä äː ɨ ɨː əː]
Accent 3
Conservative
- ci gi chi ghi = [c ɟ ç ʝ]
- sci = [skʲ]
- ȝ ħ = [q χ]
Accent 4
Scottish Gaelic pseudo-gib
Stress
Nurian stress is derived from a particular pattern of weight-sensitive stress (similar to Arabic) in a dialect of late Thensarian:
- A short final vowel cannot be stressed.
- Only one of the last 3 syllables can be stressed.
- the last heavy syllable is stressed if not the final syllable; if there is a final heavy syllable, the penult is stressed. (e.g. burgent [ˈbʊɚdʒænt])
- If no heavy syllables, the 3rd from last is stressed.
Stress is phonemic in Nurian, due to the loss of many final vowels and the vowel length preceding /r/.
Orthography
Consonants
| Grapheme | m | p | b | f | v | n | t | d | th | dh | s | z | r | l | ng | c | g | ch | gh | ħ | ȝ | h | j |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hard | /mˠ/ | /pˠ/ | /bˠ/ | /fˠ/ | /vˠ/ | /nˠ/ | /tˠ/ | /dˠ/ | /θˠ/ | /ðˠ/ | /sˠ/ | /zˠ/ | /rˠ/ | /ɫ/ | /ŋ/ | /k/ | /ɡ/ | /x/ | /ɣ/ | /ħ/ | /ʕ/ | /h/ | /j/ |
| Soft | /mʲ/ | /pʲ/ | /bʲ/ | /fʲ/ | /vʲ/ | /nʲ/ | /tʲ/ | /dʲ/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /sʲ/ | /zʲ/ | /rʲ/ | /lʲ/ | /ɲ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | /ʃ/ | /ʒ/ |
r = r-coloring before a consonant or word-finally
Velars (ng c g ch gh) remain hard before other consonants. The remaining consonants assimilate in palatalization before other consonants.
Vowels
|
|
Grammar
Somewhat unusually, Nurian is verb-final with prepositions and modifier-modified order.
Nouns
Sgv-clv-plv system.