User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51

Tigal/Lexicon

Tigal (Tigal: a dTigal [ə ˈd̥ɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] or a ŋgoth dTigal [ə ŋɔɬ ˈtɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] 'the Tigal language'; pronounced "tiggle" in English) is a West Talmic language.

1: cēm > ciamh 2: tithōr > tythar 3: nazge > nég-L 4: dhaufe > dő-L 5: salir > selar 6: stām > stámh 7: rōde > ryadh-L 8: lorethe > lörath-L 9: farve > erbh-L 10: ħiōr > yar

Notes

• ⁱ - i-umlaut
• ^u - u-umlaut
• ^L - lenition
• ^N - eclipsis
• ^h - h-prothesis

Phonology

Consonants

Tigal has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages.

Tigal consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		/m/	/n/		/ŋ/	[ɴ]
Stop/Affricate	tenuis	/b̥/	/d̥/		/ɡ̊/
	aspirated	/pʰ/	/tʰ/		/kʰ/
Fricative	voiceless	/f/	/s/	/ɬ/	/x/	/χ~ʁ~ʀ/	/h/
	voiced	/v/	/z/	/ɮ/	/ɣ/
Trill
Approximant		/w/				/ʟ/

Notes

• The aspiration distinction is neutralized word-finally.
• Unaspirated consonants are half-voiced between vowels (at least within a word).
• /tʰ, d̥/ are alveolar [tʰ, d̥] for most speakers.
• /ɬ, ɮ/ is formally dental lateral fricatives [ɬ̪, ɮ̪], often alveolar [ɬ, ɮ] in colloquial speech.
• /s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek counterparts.
• /ŋ, kʰ, ɡ̊/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, ɡ̊], but are often uvular [ɴ, qʰ, ɢ̊] next to /ʀ/ and /ʟ/.
• /ʟ/ is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant [ʁ̞ˤ] or a backed uvular approximant [ʁ̠̞] which may be pronounced with compressed lips [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L. (This article uses /ʟ/ for simplicity.)
  • It is vocalized in unstressed syllables to [ɤˁ].
  • In classical singing and some dialects [ɫ] is used.
• /ʀ/ is a trill [ʀ] in careful speech. It is a fricative [ʁ] in casual speech which devoices to [χ] word-finally or after an aspirate or another fricative. The main features distinguishing /ʀ/ from /ʟ/ are greater frication and absence of pharyngealization in the former.
  • In classical singing and some dialects [r] is used.

Mutations

Consonant mutations

Grapheme	m	p	b	f	n	t	d	s	z	l	ŋ	c	g	r
IPA	/m/	/pʰ/	/p/	/f/	/n/	/tʰ/	/t/	/s/	/z/	/ʟ/	/ŋ/	/kʰ/	/k/	/ʀ/
Lenited	mh	ph	bh	fh	-	th	dh	sh	zh	-	-	ch	gh	-
IPA	/w/	/f/	/v/	silent	-	/ɬ/	/ɮ/	/h/	silent	-	-	/x/	/ɣ/	-
Eclipsed	-	bp	mb	bhf	-	dt	nd	zs	-	nl	-	gc	ŋg	-
IPA	-	/p/	/m/	/v/	-	/t/	/n/	/z/	-	-	-	/k/	/ŋ/	-

Vowels

Tigal has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.

Tigal vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded		unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	short	long
Close	i /ɪ/	í /iː/	y /ʏ/	ý /yː/		ú /ʉː/		u /ʊ/	ul, úl /ʊˁː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	é /eː/	ø /œ/	ǿ /øː/	e /ə/	ó /ɵː/	el [ɤˁ]	o /ɔ/	ol, ól /ɔˤː/
Open		á /æː/			a /ɐ/				al, ál /ɒˁː/

Diphthongs: ia ya ua il/íl/ial yl/ýl/yal el él øl ǿl /iə yə uə ɪɤˁ ʏɤˁ ɛɤˁ eɤˁ œɤˁ øɤˁ/

Notes

Close vowels

• /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː].
• /yː/ is close front rounded [yː]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
• /ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
• /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] or close-mid near-front unrounded [e̠].
• /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠]. Its rounding is protruded.

Mid vowels

• /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː].
• /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [øː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
• /ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʌɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
• /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽].
• /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ]. Its rounding is compressed.
• [ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] when word-final.
• [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
• /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞]. Its rounding is protruded.

Open vowels

• /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ].
• /æː/ is open front unrounded front [aː], or near-open front unrounded [æː].
• /ɒˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɒɤˁ] or [äɤˁ].

Umlaut

Words may undergo i-umlaut or u-umlaut under the addition of some affixes.

Umlaut

Root vowel	a	a	e	é	i	í	ia	o	ó	u	ú	ua
u-umlaut	o	ó	ø	ǿ	y	ý	ya	-	-	-	-	-
i-umlaut	e	é	-	-	-	-	-	ø	ǿ	y	ý	ya

Morphology

Nouns

Masculine vowel declension

Use ~ AW neuter determiner endings?

clúda - 'time'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	clúda-L	clúdann
Definite	a clúda	clúdar
Construct	clúdath	clúdar

Masculine consonantal declension

The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.

suar - 'house'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	suar-N	suara-H
Definite	a shuar-L	suarann
Construct	suara-L	suarar

Feminine consonant declension

iamh - 'mother'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	iamh	iamhar
Definite	a n-iamh-N	a h-iamh-H
Construct	yamha-L	yamhar

Adjectives

Sample declension

giath 'sharp'
	Masculine		Feminine
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	ŋuar ŋgiath	ŋuara giatha	tilŋ giath	tilŋar giathar
Definite	a ŋyar ghiath	ŋuarann giathann	a dtilŋ ŋgiath	a tilŋ giath
Construct	ŋuara ghiath	ŋuarar giathann	tylŋa ghiath	tylŋar giath