Wuhu Japanese: Difference between revisions

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Created page with "{{construction}} {{infobox language | name = Wuhu Japanese |altname = Wuhu Island Japanese, Wuhuan Japanese | familycolor = Altaic | creator = User:Jukethatbox | image=Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg | imagecaption=Flag of the Japanese territory of Ufūjima (??-1945) | created = 2026 | era = ??-1950 | state = Japanese-occupied Wuhu Island | fam1 = Japonic | fam2 = Japanese | nativename = 烏風島日本語 / 烏風嶋日本..."
 
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| fam1 = [[w:Japonic languages|Japonic]]
| fam1 = [[w:Japonic languages|Japonic]]
| fam2 = [[w:Japanese language|Japanese]]
| fam2 = [[w:Japanese language|Japanese]]
| nativename = 烏風島日本語 / 烏風嶋日本語, 烏風日本語<br/>''Ufūjima Nihongo'', ''Ufūnihongo''
| nativename = 烏風島日本語 / 烏風嶋日本語, 烏風日本語<br/>''Uhûzima Nihongo'', ''Uhûnihongo''
}}
}}
'''Wuhu Japanese''' (烏風島日本語 / 烏風嶋日本語, 烏風日本語; ''Ufūjima Nihongo'', ''Ufūnihongo''; [[Nawuhu]]: ''na'a nipóngu'', ''na'a japánu'') refers to both administrative and unique colloquial varieties of the [[w:Japanese language|Japanese language]] used during the Japanese occupation of Wuhu Island that ended in 1945.
'''Wuhu Japanese''' (烏風島日本語 / 烏風嶋日本語, 烏風日本語; ''Uhûzima Nihongo'', ''Uhûnihongo''; [[Nawuhu]]: ''na'a nipóngu'', ''na'a japánu'') refers to both administrative and unique colloquial varieties of the [[w:Japanese language|Japanese language]] used during the Japanese occupation of Wuhu Island that ended in 1945.


The Japanese colonial administration and its associated settlers first brought Japanese to the island following Japan's annexation of the island in ??. Japanese was quickly established as an administrative language, with various famous landmarks, most notably the Broken Clock Tower, being built in this time, as well as various Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples that still stand today. The Japanese also established the first modern education system on the island, leading to Japanese also becoming the primary language of instruction on the island, which expanded Japanese influence on the indigenous languages spoken there.
The Japanese colonial administration and its associated settlers first brought Japanese to the island following Japan's annexation of the island in ??. Japanese was quickly established as an administrative language, with various famous landmarks, most notably the Broken Clock Tower, being built in this time, as well as various Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples that still stand today. The Japanese also established the first modern education system on the island, leading to Japanese also becoming the primary language of instruction on the island, which expanded Japanese influence on the indigenous languages spoken there.
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Other historically Japanese areas may still retain signs in Japanese, though the distinction between signs that originate in the Wuhu variety of Japanese from the occupation and more recent signs in Japanese by Japanese nationals who moved to Wuhu Island after the war has become increasingly unclear. Typically however, these older Wuhu Japanese signs have various distinguishing features, such as horizontal right-to-left reading (common in Japanese before WW2), as well as the use of obsolete letters such as ゐ / ヰ ''wi'' and ゑ / ヱ ''we'' and less common kanji like 嶋 instead of 島 for ''shima'' "island". Additionally, some archaeological discoveries have unearthed signs written in the now mostly obsolete [[w:Kunrei-shiki|Kunrei-shiki]] romanisation system, a system that was official during the Japanese occupation; this would point to the idea that the use of Kunrei-shiki is another distinguishing feature of historical Wuhu Japanese compared to contemporary modern Japanese used on Wuhu Island.
Other historically Japanese areas may still retain signs in Japanese, though the distinction between signs that originate in the Wuhu variety of Japanese from the occupation and more recent signs in Japanese by Japanese nationals who moved to Wuhu Island after the war has become increasingly unclear. Typically however, these older Wuhu Japanese signs have various distinguishing features, such as horizontal right-to-left reading (common in Japanese before WW2), as well as the use of obsolete letters such as ゐ / ヰ ''wi'' and ゑ / ヱ ''we'' and less common kanji like 嶋 instead of 島 for ''shima'' "island". Additionally, some archaeological discoveries have unearthed signs written in the now mostly obsolete [[w:Kunrei-shiki|Kunrei-shiki]] romanisation system, a system that was official during the Japanese occupation; this would point to the idea that the use of Kunrei-shiki is another distinguishing feature of historical Wuhu Japanese compared to contemporary modern Japanese used on Wuhu Island.
==Phonology==
Wuhu Japanese was also known to be itself a distinct dialect of Japanese, and was thus often referred to colloquially as 烏風弁 ''Uhûben'' "Wuhu dialect".
===Vowels===
Kanemoto (1987) reconstructed 5 vowel phonemes:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || || u
|-
! Mid
| e || || o
|-
! Open
| || a ||
|}
{{ipa|/u/}} is a back rounded vowel; this is quite different from the modern standard Japanese {{ipa|/u/}}, which is considerably more protruded, compressed and unrounded. This rounded {{ipa|/u/}} probably originated in the [[w:Kansai dialects|Kansai dialects]] that many Japanese settlers spoke before the emergence of a distinct Wuhu dialect. Vowels were probably almost always voiced, again similarly to Kansai dialects, though /u/ may have been devoiced after voiceless consonants in word-final syllables specifically, as it had a tendency to be dropped in loanwords to Nawuhu, such as in {{l|wuhu|sotok}}/{{l|wuhu|tok}} from {{l|ja|総督}} ''souto'''ku'''''. However, Tawara (2001) contests this, and instead gives an alternative explanation of simply a tendency to drop the vowel entirely; Tawara argues that there is not enough evidence to conclude that the vowels were specifically devoiced in these positions, despite still recognising the existence of this phenomenon.
===Consonants===
Kanemoto generally reconstructed the Wuhu Japanese consonant inventory as virtually identical to that of the standard Japanese consonant inventory:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Alveolo-</br>palatal !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Nasal
| m || n || (ɲ) || || (ŋ) ||
|-
! Plosive
| p b || t d || || || k g || (ʔ)
|-
! Affricate?
| || (ts) (dz) || (tɕ) (dʑ) || || ||
|-
! Fricative
| (ɸ) (β) || s z || (ɕ) (ʑ) || || || h
|-
! Liquid
| || r || || || ||
|-
! Semivowel
| || || || j || w ||
|}
However, even here there are various distinguishing features; one of the boldest claims made by Kanemoto was that the [[w:Affricate|affricate]] allophones {{ipa|/tɕ dʑ/}} merged entirely with the sibilant allophones {{ipa|/ɕ ʑ/}}. Sanders (1995) further claimed that {{ipa|/ts dz/}} also merged with {{ipa|/s z/}}, though Tawara again denied this and maintained that the affricate series remained phonetically distinct from the sibilant series in Wuhu Japanese in 2001, citing Kanemoto's own assertion that he was merely speculating on the reasoning behind seemingly regular misspellings in certain excavated shop signs.
==References==
==References==
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