Pre-Húsnorsk

(still adjusting from the copied Jugsnorsk article)

Pre-Húsnorsk
*hūsanorþka
Pronunciation	[*ˈxuː.sɑ.ˌnorθ.kɑ]
Created by	Melinoë
Native to	Northern Kievan Rus
Era	Evolved from Proto-Norse in the 8th century, developed into Old Húsnorsk by the 12th century.
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic Pre-Húsnorsk
Early form	Proto-Norse
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	phus

Pre-Húsnorsk was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic *z as distinct in all positions, even where lost in Old Norse, such as in *foglăʀ, vs. Old Norse fogl. (note that "ă" was historically written without the diacritic, and signifies a syllabic consonant.)

History

Name

"Húsnorsk" is believed to originate from Pre-Húsnorsk as *hūsanorþka, a term for all the vernacular dialects spoken in the period (roughly 750AD-1100AD), eventually coming to refer to the vernacular dialect of the region specifically.

Development

The development of Pre-Húsnorsk is not entirely understood, and it's doubtful that it ever will be, as it seems several of the changes went unwritten, leaving linguists only to conjecture over possibilities. The major sound changes are listed below.

From Proto-Norse:

• ʀ begun assimilating with neighboring sonorants, but not with other consonants (*-inʀ > -inn)
• Nasals are definitively lost before /s/, nasalizing the preceding the vowel. This seems to also affect nasals before *z
• -Vn develops into a nasal vowel (eg. *habjan > *habją (Pre-Húsnorsk hæfą))
• Word final ē in Proto-Norse develops into ī in Pre-Húsnorsk, but remains as ē elsewhere.
• stressed e breaks into ja, unless following w or r
• j lost word initially, and w lost before round vowels
• I and U umlaut begin: (causes the loss of /i, u/, and the shortening of /iː, uː/)
  • with i: /e, ɛ, a, u, o/ > /i, e, ɛ, y, ø/
  • with u: /i, e, ɛ, a, o/ > /y, ø, œ, ɔ, u/
  • with i and u: /e, ɛ, a, o/ > /y, ø, œ, y/
  • A unique feature of Húsnorsk is i-umlauted /i/ and u-umlauted /u/, these undergo breaking to /je/ and /wo/,
• /au/ and /øy/ merge to /øy/
• coda /l/ had likely developed into /ʟ/ by Old Húsnorsk
• At some point, /NC/ becomes /CC/ (eg. mp, mb, nt, nd, nk, ng > pp, bb, tt, dd, kk, gg)
• A notable feature is the seeming initial devoicing of approximants, thus losing the distinction between r/hr, l/hl, and w/hw. It's believed to be devoicing due to early descriptions by Swedish scholars. ("A people who cannot pronounce their initial Rs, Ls, and Ws without breath")

Phonology

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar
Nasal		m		n
Stop	Unvoiced	p		t	k
	Voiced	b		d	g
Fricative	Unvoiced	f~v ⟨f⟩	θ~ð ⟨þ⟩	s	x ⟨h⟩
	Voiced				ʀ¹
Approximant		w²		r², l², ³	j²

1. probably [ɹ̠˔].
2. Devoiced word-initially, probably [ʍ, r̥, l̥, ç]
3. likely [ʟ] in coda position.

	Front		Back
	Unround	Round
High	i	y	u
Mid-High	e	ø	o
Mid-Low	ɛ ⟨æ⟩	œ¹	ɔ ⟨ꜵ⟩
Low			a

1. This sound was almost certainly distinct from /ø/ in Pre-Húsnorsk. (/ø/ was written "ꜷ", while /œ/ was written "œ", the consistency between the two seems to point towards a strong distinction)

Every vowel has a nasal counterpart, as well as a long form. It seems when nasal, there is no distinction between mid-high and mid-low, the qualities here were likely true mid ([ẽ̞, ø̞̃, õ̞]), or at least transitioning towards such, though they were most certainly not mid-high by the time of Old Húsnorsk.

Morphology

Umlaut

Umlaut is a series of alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been largely analogized out (it remains in some words where the u-umlaut occurred through enough forms for the umlauted root to be used rather than the basic one), this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. mál and mál). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is i, when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. i > y), the cause for this is entirely unknown.

The later vowel alternations from l-vocalization have yet to occur, as l seemingly had not yet to vocalize.

Nouns

Pre-Húsnorsk seems to exhibit the beginnings of the masculine/feminine collapsing into the common, though it had not been completed yet, this being one of the main distinctions between Pre-Húsnorsk (a dialect of Old Norse) from Varhúsnorsk (a distinct language).

The strong/weak distinction for nouns is largely unused in Húsnorsk linguistics.

Near the end of the Pre-Húsnorsk, the vocative begins appearing, this is one of the first major cracks in the phonemic spelling system to show up (the retention of root spellings in verbs is considered inconsequential)

Masculine patterns

Inflection of ablăʀ (masculine a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ablăʀ	ablăʀin	ablaʀ	ablaʀniʀ
accusative	abl	ablin	ablą	abląna
dative	abli	ablinum	ꜵblum	ꜵblunum
genitive	abls	ablsins	ablą	abląnna

Inflection of olfăʀ (masculine a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	olfăʀ	olfăʀin	ulfaʀ	ulfaʀniʀ
accusative	olf	olfin	ulfą	ulfąna
dative	ulfi	ulfinum	wolfum	wolfunum
genitive	olfs	olfsins	ulfą	ulfąnna

Inflection of ælăʀ (Masculine i-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ælăʀ	ælăʀinn	æliʀ	æliʀniʀ
accusative	æl	ælin	ælį	ælįną
dative	æli	ælini	ꜵlum	ꜵlunum
genitive	ælaʀ	ælaʀįs	ælą	æląnną

Inflection of ásj (common u-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ásj	ásjī	æsí	æsíní
accusative	ás	ásī	ási	ásina
vocative	j'ás	j'ásī	j'ási	j'ásina
dative	ási	ásinū	ásū	ásunū
genitive	ásis	ásinūs	ásūs	ásunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ássj	ássjī	æssí	æssíní
accusative	áss	ássī	ássi	ássina
vocative	j'áss	j'ássī	j'ássi	j'ássina
dative	ássi	ássinū	ássū	ássunū
genitive	ássis	ássinūs	ássūs	ássunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	áskj	áskjī	æskí	æskíní
accusative	ásk	áskī	áski	áskina
vocative	j'ásk	j'áskī	j'áski	j'áskina
dative	áski	áskinū	áskū	áskunū
genitive	áskis	áskinūs	áskūs	áskunūs

The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.

Inflection of najlj (common consonant-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlj	najljī	najl	najliní
accusative	najl	najlī	najl	najlina
vocative	j'najl	j'najlī	j'najl	j'najlina
dative	najli	najlinū	najlū	najlunū
genitive	najlis	najlinūs	najlūs	najlunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlsj	najlsjī	najls	najlsiní
accusative	najls	najlsī	najls	najlsina
vocative	j'najls	j'najlsī	j'najls	j'najlsina
dative	najlsi	najlsinū	najlsū	najlsunū
genitive	najlsis	najlsinūs	najlsūs	najlsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	najlgj	najlgjī	najlg	najlginí
accusative	najlg	najlgī	najlg	najlgina
vocative	j'najlg	j'najlgī	j'najlg	j'najlgina
dative	najlgi	najlginū	najlgū	najlgunū
genitive	najlgis	najlginūs	najlgūs	najlgunūs

In najlj, you see how historic sound shifts occasionally flatten umlaut variations, such as here with the old /a/-/ɛ/ dynamic, where in Jugsnorsk /ɛ/ has merged with /a/. This should not be thought of as the removal of umlaut, but rather the loss of the distinction, as the umlaut variations can still be seen in other words, such as the following word:

Inflection of figgj (common consonant-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	figgj	figgjī	fygg	fygginí
accusative	figg	figgī	fygg	fyggina
vocative	j'figg	j'figgī	j'fygg	j'fyggina
dative	figgi	figginū	figgū	figgunū
genitive	figgis	figginūs	figgūs	figgunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	figgsj	figgsjī	fyggs	fyggsiní
accusative	figgs	figgsī	fyggs	fyggsina
vocative	j'figgs	j'figgsī	j'fyggs	j'fyggsina
dative	figgsi	figgsinū	figgsū	figgsunū
genitive	figgsis	figgsinūs	figgsūs	figgsunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	figgj	figgjjī	fyggj	fyggjiní
accusative	figgj	figgjī	fyggj	fyggjina
vocative	j'figgj	j'figgjī	j'fyggj	j'fyggjina
dative	figgji	figgjinū	figgjū	figgjunū
genitive	figgjis	figgjinūs	figgjūs	figgjunūs

Here in figgj you see how i-umlauted i becomes y, instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.

Feminine patterns

By the end of the Pre-Húsnorsk era, the masculine/feminine distinction had collapsed, leading to a common gender instead.

feminine ō-stem:

Inflection of nasi (common a-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	nasi	nasjī	nasæ	nasæní
accusative	nas	nasī	nasa	nasana
vocative	j'nas	j'nasī	j'nasa	j'nasana
dative	nasi	nasinū	nasū	nasunū
genitive	nasis	nasinūs	nasūs	nasunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	nassi	nassjī	nassæ	nassæní
accusative	nass	nassī	nassa	nassana
vocative	j'nass	j'nassī	j'nassa	j'nassana
dative	nassi	nassinū	nassū	nassunū
genitive	nassis	nassinūs	nassūs	nassunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	naski	naskjī	naskæ	naskæní
accusative	nask	naskī	naska	naskana
vocative	j'nask	j'naskī	j'naska	j'naskana
dative	naski	naskinū	naskū	naskunū
genitive	naskis	naskinūs	naskūs	naskunūs

feminine ōn-stem

Inflection of akka (common ōn-stem)

neutral	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akka	akkā	akký	akkýní
accusative	akku	akkū	akký	akkýna
vocative	j'akku	j'akkū	j'akký	j'akkýna
dative	akki	akkinū	akkū	akkunū
genitive	akkis	akkinūs	akkūs	akkunūs
laudative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akksa	akksā	akksý	akksýní
accusative	akksu	akksū	akksý	akksýna
vocative	j'akksu	j'akksū	j'akksý	j'akksýna
dative	akksi	akksinū	akksū	akksunū
genitive	akksis	akksinūs	akksūs	akksunūs
pejorative	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	akkja	akkjā	akkjý	akkjýní
accusative	akkju	akkjū	akkjý	akkjýna
vocative	j'akkju	j'akkjū	j'akkjý	j'akkjýna
dative	akkji	akkjinū	akkjū	akkjunū
genitive	akkjis	akkjinūs	akkjūs	akkjunūs

Neuter patterns

Inflection of māl (neuter a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	māl	mālit	mꜵ̄l	mꜵ̄lin
accusative	māl	mālit	mꜵ̄l	mꜵ̄lin
dative	mǣli	mǣlini	mꜵ̄lum	mꜵ̄lunum
genitive	māls	mālsįs	mālą	māląnną

Inflection of īsladd (neuter a-stem)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	īsladd	īsladdit	īslꜵdd	īslꜵddin
accusative	īsladd	īsladdit	īslꜵdd	īslꜵddin
dative	islæddi	islæddini	īslꜵddum	īslꜵddunum
genitive	īsladds	īsladdsįs	īsladdą	īsladdąnną

Adjectives

Positive inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sý	sǿt	sélí	sǿ
accusative	sélā	sǿt	séla	sǿ
dative	séli	séli	sélū	sélū
genitive	sélis	sélis	sélūs	sélūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sǿjī	sǿtit	sélíní	sélī
accusative	sélī	sǿtit	sélana	sélī
dative	sélinū	sélinū	sélunū	sélunū
genitive	sélinūs	sélinūs	sélunūs	sélunūs

Comparative inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélé	sélat	sélarí	séla
accusative	sélarā	sélat	sélara	séla
dative	sélari	sélari	sélū	sélū
genitive	sélaris	sélaris	sélūs	sélūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélajī	sélatit	sélaríní	sélarī
accusative	sélarī	sélatit	sélarana	sélarī
dative	sélarinū	sélarinū	sélarunū	sélarunū
genitive	sélarinūs	sélarinūs	sélarunūs	sélarunūs

Superlative inflection of sý

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélastj	sélast	sélastí	sélast
accusative	sélastā	sélast	sélasta	sélast
dative	sélasti	sélasti	sélustū	sélustū
genitive	sélastis	sélastis	sélustūs	sélustūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	sélastjī	sélastit	sélastíní	sélastī
accusative	sélastī	sélastit	sélastana	sélastī
dative	sélastinū	sélastinū	sélustunū	sélustunū
genitive	sélastinūs	sélastinūs	sélustunūs	sélustunūs

Pronouns

Jugsnorsk personal pronouns

singular	1st	2nd	reflexive	3rd
				common	neuter
nominative	ak, a(h)¹, k', a'	þú, þ', u'	—	hán	þat, þan²
accusative	mik, mi(h)¹	þik, þi(h)¹	sik, si(h)¹
dative	mí	þí	sí	háni	þati, þani¹, þwí³
genitive	mínj	þínj	sínj	hánj	þatj, þanj¹
plural	1st	2nd	reflexive	3rd
				common	neuter
nominative	ví, ý	í	—	þí	þò
accusative	os	i, í	sik, si(h)¹	þé, þí
dative	osj	í	sí	þè
genitive	ork	ivé	sinj	þéja

1: colloquial
2: analogized with hán
3: archaic

Verbs

Húsnorsk has begun using -at far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, though typically appearing as -t.

The plural imperative is usually -ið, but it's occasionally seen as -að, the origin of this new suffix is unknown, but likely comes from differentiating it from the subjunctive.

Strong verbs

Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs. The different classes exist as each has a different characteristic ablaut pattern.

Class 1

Class 1 is characterized by -ē- in the present and -i- in the past.

Positive conjugation of grīpa — (strong class 1)

	present				past
infinitive	grīpa				gripa
participle	grīpaddi				gripþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	grīpuʀ	grīpiʀ	grīp		gripu	gripi	grip
wīʀ	grīpum	grīpim	grīpiþ, -aþ		gripum	gripim	gripiþ, -aþ
īʀ	grīpuþ	grīpiþ			gripuþ	gripiþ
þæiʀ	grīpun	grīpin			gripun	gripin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	grīpusk	grīpisk	grīpsk		gripusk	gripisk	gripsk
plural	grīpuzk	grīpizk	grīpizk, -azk		gripuzk	gripizk	gripizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of grīpa — (strong class 1)

	present				past
infinitive	grīpat				gripat
participle	grīpaddit				gripzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	grīpust	grīpist	grīpt		griput	gripit	gript
plural	grīputt	grīpitt	grīpitt, -att		griputt	gripitt	gripitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	grīpuszk	grīpiszk	grīpzk		gripuzk	gripizk	gripzk
plural	grīputzk	grīpitzk	grīpitzk, -atzk		griputzk	gripitzk	gripitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 2

Class 2 is characterized by -jō- in the present and -u- in the past.

Positive conjugation of ljūga — (strong class 2)

	present				past
infinitive	ljūga				luga
participle	ljūgaddi				lugþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	ljūguʀ	ljūgiʀ	ljūg		lugu	lugi	lug
wīʀ	ljūgum	ljūgim	ljūgiþ, -aþ		lugum	lugim	lugiþ, -aþ
īʀ	ljūguþ	ljūgiþ			luguþ	lugiþ
þæiʀ	ljūgun	ljūgin			lugun	lugin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	ljūgusk	ljūgisk	ljūgsk		lugusk	lugisk	lugsk
plural	ljūguzk	ljūgizk	ljūgizk, -azk		luguzk	lugizk	lugizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of ljūga — (strong class 2)

	present				past
infinitive	ljūgat				lugat
participle	ljūgaddit				lugzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	ljūgust	ljūgist	ljūgt		lugut	lugit	lugt
plural	ljūgutt	ljūgitt	ljūgitt, -att		lugutt	lugitt	lugitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	ljūguszk	ljūgiszk	ljūgzk		luguzk	lugizk	lugzk
plural	ljūgutzk	ljūgitzk	ljūgitzk, -atzk		lugutzk	lugitzk	lugitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 3

Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have -u- in the indicative past and -y- in the subjunctive past.

Class 3-i

Characterized by -i- in the present. This -e- is cognate to Old Norse -i-, the value is likely through a-umlaut, though this is debated.

Positive conjugation of widda — (strong class 3-i)

	present				past
infinitive	widda				udda
participle	widdaddi				uddþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	widduʀ	widdiʀ	widd		uddu	yddi	udd
wīʀ	widdum	widdim	widdiþ, -aþ		uddum	yddim	uddiþ, -aþ
īʀ	widduþ	widdiþ			udduþ	yddiþ
þæiʀ	widdun	widdin			uddun	yddin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	widdusk	widdisk	widdsk		uddusk	yddisk	uddsk
plural	widduzk	widdizk	widdizk, -azk		udduzk	yddizk	uddizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of widda — (strong class 3-i)

	present				past
infinitive	widdat				uddat
participle	widdaddit				uddzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	widdust	widdist	widdt		uddut	yddit	uddt
plural	widdutt	widditt	widditt, -att		uddutt	ydditt	udditt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	widduszk	widdiszk	widdzk		udduzk	yddizk	uddzk
plural	widdutzk	widditzk	widditzk, -atzk		uddutzk	ydditzk	udditzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Positive conjugation of winna — (strong class 3-i)

	present				past
infinitive	winna				unna
participle	winnaddi				unnþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	winnuʀ	winniʀ	winn		unnu	ynni	unn
wīʀ	winnum	winnim	winniþ, -aþ		unnum	ynnim	unniþ, -aþ
īʀ	winnuþ	winniþ			unnuþ	ynniþ
þæiʀ	winnun	winnin			unnun	ynnin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	winnusk	winnisk	winnsk		unnusk	ynnisk	unnsk
plural	winnuzk	winnizk	winnizk, -azk		unnuzk	ynnizk	unnizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of winna — (strong class 3-i)

	present				past
infinitive	winnat				unnat
participle	winnaddit				unnzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	winnust	winnist	winnt		unnut	ynnit	unnt
plural	winnutt	winnitt	winnitt, -att		unnutt	ynnitt	unnitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	winnuszk	winniszk	winnzk		unnuzk	ynnizk	unnzk
plural	winnutzk	winnitzk	winnitzk, -atzk		unnutzk	ynnitzk	unnitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 3-ja

Characterized by -ja- in the present.

Positive conjugation of bjarga — (strong class 3-ja)

	present				past
infinitive	bjarga				burga
participle	bjargaddi				burgþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bjarguʀ	bjargiʀ	bjarg		burgu	byrgi	burg
wīʀ	bjargum	bjargim	bjargiþ, -aþ		burgum	byrgim	burgiþ, -aþ
īʀ	bjarguþ	bjargiþ			burguþ	byrgiþ
þæiʀ	bjargun	bjargin			burgun	byrgin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bjargusk	bjargisk	bjargsk		burgusk	byrgisk	burgsk
plural	bjarguzk	bjargizk	bjargizk, -azk		burguzk	byrgizk	burgizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of bjarga — (strong class 3-ja)

	present				past
infinitive	bjargat				burgat
participle	bjargaddit				burgzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bjargust	bjargist	bjargt		burgut	byrgit	burgt
plural	bjargutt	bjargitt	bjargitt, -att		burgutt	byrgitt	burgitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bjarguszk	bjargiszk	bjargzk		burguzk	byrgizk	burgzk
plural	bjargutzk	bjargitzk	bjargitzk, -atzk		burgutzk	byrgitzk	burgitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 3-y

Characterized by -ȳ- in the present. -ȳ- is cognate to Old Norse -ø- and -y-.

This first verb is cognate to Old Norse þryngva.

Positive conjugation of þrȳgga — (strong class 3-y)

	present				past
infinitive	þrȳgga				þrugga
participle	þrȳggaddi				þruggþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	þrȳgguʀ	þrȳggiʀ	þrȳgg		þruggu	þryggi	þrugg
wīʀ	þrȳggum	þrȳggim	þrȳggiþ, -aþ		þruggum	þryggim	þruggiþ, -aþ
īʀ	þrȳgguþ	þrȳggiþ			þrugguþ	þryggiþ
þæiʀ	þrȳggun	þrȳggin			þruggun	þryggin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	þrȳggusk	þrȳggisk	þrȳggsk		þruggusk	þryggisk	þruggsk
plural	þrȳgguzk	þrȳggizk	þrȳggizk, -azk		þrugguzk	þryggizk	þruggizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of þrȳgga — (strong class 3-y)

	present				past
infinitive	þrȳggat				þruggat
participle	þrȳggaddit				þruggzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	þrȳggust	þrȳggist	þrȳggt		þruggut	þryggit	þruggt
plural	þrȳggutt	þrȳggitt	þrȳggitt, -att		þruggutt	þryggitt	þruggitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	þrȳgguszk	þrȳggiszk	þrȳggzk		þrugguzk	þryggizk	þruggzk
plural	þrȳggutzk	þrȳggitzk	þrȳggitzk, -atzk		þruggutzk	þryggitzk	þruggitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

This next verb is cognate with Old Norse søkkva. The expected form is sykka, but the present was analogized to -ȳ- to help distinguish the past subjunctive.

Positive conjugation of sȳkka — (strong class 3-y)

	present				past
infinitive	sȳkka				sukka
participle	sȳkkaddi				sukkþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	sȳkkuʀ	sȳkkiʀ	sȳkk		sukku	sykki	sukk
wīʀ	sȳkkum	sȳkkim	sȳkkiþ, -aþ		sukkum	sykkim	sukkiþ, -aþ
īʀ	sȳkkuþ	sȳkkiþ			sukkuþ	sykkiþ
þæiʀ	sȳkkun	sȳkkin			sukkun	sykkin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	sȳkkusk	sȳkkisk	sȳkksk		sukkusk	sykkisk	sukksk
plural	sȳkkuzk	sȳkkizk	sȳkkizk, -azk		sukkuzk	sykkizk	sukkizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of sȳkka — (strong class 3-y)

	present				past
infinitive	sȳkkat				sukkat
participle	sȳkkaddit				sukkzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	sȳkkust	sȳkkist	sȳkkt		sukkut	sykkit	sukkt
plural	sȳkkutt	sȳkkitt	sȳkkitt, -att		sukkutt	sykkitt	sukkitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	sȳkkuszk	sȳkkiszk	sȳkkzk		sukkuzk	sykkizk	sukkzk
plural	sȳkkutzk	sȳkkitzk	sȳkkitzk, -atzk		sukkutzk	sykkitzk	sukkitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Class 5

Positive conjugation of gjata — (strong class 5)

	present				past
infinitive	gjata				gāta
participle	gjataddi				gāttăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gjatuʀ	gjatiʀ	gjat		gātu	gāti	gāt
wīʀ	gjatum	gjatim	gjatiþ, -aþ		gātum	gātim	gātiþ, -aþ
īʀ	gjatuþ	gjatiþ			gātuþ	gātiþ
þæiʀ	gjatun	gjatin			gātun	gātin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gjatusk	gjatisk	gjatsk		gātusk	gātisk	gātsk
plural	gjatuzk	gjatizk	gjatizk, -azk		gātuzk	gātizk	gātizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of gjata — (strong class 5)

	present				past
infinitive	gjatat				gātat
participle	gjataddit				gātzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gjatust	gjatist	gjatt		gātut	gātit	gātt
plural	gjatutt	gjatitt	gjatitt, -att		gātutt	gātitt	gātitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gjatuszk	gjatiszk	gjatzk		gātuzk	gātizk	gātzk
plural	gjatutzk	gjatitzk	gjatitzk, -atzk		gātutzk	gātitzk	gātitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Variously appears as gjata~gæta

Class 7

Positive conjugation of gagga — (strong class 7)

	present				past
infinitive	gagga				gjagga
participle	gaggaddi				gjaggþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gjagguʀ	gaggiʀ	gagg		gjaggu	gjaggi	gjagg
wīʀ	gaggum	gaggim	gaggiþ, -aþ		gjaggum	gjaggim	gjaggiþ, -aþ
īʀ	gagguþ	gaggiþ			gjagguþ	gjaggiþ
þæiʀ	gaggun	gaggin			gjaggun	gjaggin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gaggusk	gaggisk	gaggsk		gjaggusk	gjaggisk	gjaggsk
plural	gagguzk	gaggizk	gaggizk, -azk		gjagguzk	gjaggizk	gjaggizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of gagga — (strong class 7)

	present				past
infinitive	gaggat				gjaggat
participle	gaggaddit				gjaggzt
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gjaggust	gaggist	gaggt		gjaggut	gjaggit	gjaggt
plural	gaggutt	gaggitt	gaggitt, -att		gjaggutt	gjaggitt	gjaggitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	gagguszk	gaggiszk	gaggzk		gjagguzk	gjaggizk	gjaggzk
plural	gaggutzk	gaggitzk	gaggitzk, -atzk		gjaggutzk	gjaggitzk	gjaggitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

Weak verbs

Weak verbs are defined by a -þ- in the past tense, with the forms otherwise identical to the present.

weak verbs have largely been leveled to two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, bøygja, is a j-weak.

Positive conjugation of bøygą — (weak)

	present				past
infinitive	bøygą				bøygþą
participle	bøygaddi				bøygþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bøyguʀ	bøygiʀ	bøyg		bøygþu	bøygþi	bøygþ
wīʀ	bøygum	bøygim	bøygiþ, -aþ		bøygþum	bøygþim	bøygþiþ, -aþ
īʀ	bøyguþ	bøygiþ			bøygþuþ	bøygþiþ
þæiʀ	bøygun	bøygin			bøygþun	bøygþin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bøygusk	bøygisk	bøygsk		bøygþusk	bøygþisk	bøygzk
plural	bøyguzk	bøygizk	bøygizk, -azk		bøygþuzk	bøygþizk	bøygþizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of bøygą — (weak)

	present				past
infinitive	bøygąt				bøygþąt
participle	bøygaddit				bøygþst
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bøygust	bøygist	bøygt		bøygþut	bøygþit	bøygtt
plural	bøygutt	bøygitt	bøygitt, -att		bøygþutt	bøygþitt	bøygþitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	bøyguszk	bøygiszk	bøygzk		bøygþuzk	bøygþizk	bøygtzk
plural	bøygutzk	bøygitzk	bøygitzk, -atzk		bøygþutzk	bøygþitzk	bøygþitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

This next verb, hafa, is a plain weak.

Positive conjugation of hafa — (weak)

	present				past
infinitive	hafą				hafþą
participle	hafaddi				hafþăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	hafuʀ	hafiʀ	haf		hafþu	hafþi	hafþ
wīʀ	hafum	hafim	hafiþ, -aþ		hafþum	hafþim	hafþiþ, -aþ
īʀ	hafuþ	hafiþ			hafþuþ	hafþiþ
þæiʀ	hafun	hafin			hafþun	hafþin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	hafusk	hafisk	hafsk		hafþusk	hafþisk	hafzk
plural	hafuzk	hafizk	hafizk, -azk		hafþuzk	hafþizk	hafþizk, -azk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of hafa — (weak)

	present				past
infinitive	hafąt				hafþąt
participle	hafaddit				hafþst
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	hafust	hafist	haft		hafþut	hafþit	haftt
plural	hafutt	hafitt	hafitt, -att		hafþutt	hafþitt	hafþitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	hafuszk	hafiszk	hafzk		hafþuzk	hafþizk	haftzk
plural	hafutzk	hafitzk	hafitzk, -atzk		hafþutzk	hafþitzk	hafþitzk, -atzk

1: past imperative is rare

In Late Pre-Húsnorsk, the conjugations begin shifting further. The most major shift is the collapse of person in the positive active plural.

Positive conjugation of -a — (weak)

	present				past
infinitive	-a				-þa
participle	-addi				-þăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	-uʀ	-iʀ	-		-þu	-þi	-þ
wīʀ	-uþ	-iþ	-aþ		-þuþ	-þiþ	-þaþ
īʀ	-uþ	-iþ			-þuþ	-þiþ
þæiʀ	-uþ	-iþ			-þuþ	-þiþ
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	-usk	-isk	-sk		-þusk	-þisk	-zk
plural	-uþk	-iþk	-aþk		-þuþk	-þiþk	-þaþk

1: past imperative is rare

Negative conjugation of -a — (weak)

	present				past
infinitive	-at				-þat
participle	-addit				-þst
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	-ust	-ist	-t		-þut	-þit	-tt
plural	-utt	-itt	-att		-þutt	-þitt	-þatt
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	-usk	-isk	-þk		-þuþk	-þiþk	-zk
plural	-uzk	-izk	-azk		-þuzk	-þizk	-þazk

1: past imperative is rare

Suppletive verbs

Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.

Positive conjugation of wæsa — active only (suppletive, or irregular strong class 5)

	present				past
infinitive	wæsa				wāʀa, wāsa⁴
participle	wæsaddi				wāstăʀ
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	(w)æsuʀ²	wæsiʀ	wæs		wāʀu, wās⁴	wāʀi	wāʀ
wīʀ	(w)æsum³	wæsim	wæsiþ, -aþ		wāʀum	wāʀim	wāʀiþ, -aþ
īʀ	(w)æsuþ³	wæsiþ			wāʀuþ	wāʀiþ
þæiʀ	(w)æsun³	wæsin			wāʀun	wāʀin
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	—	—	—		—	—	—
plural	—	—	—		—	—	—

1: past imperative is rare
2: regularized to the root wæs-
3: see note 2; -s- is younger, originally had -ʀ-
4: older

Negative conjugation of wæsa — active only (suppletive, or irregular strong class 5)

	present				past
infinitive	wæsat				wāʀat
participle	wæsaddit				wāstast
active	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	(w)æsust	wæsist	wæst		wāʀut	wāʀit	wāst
plural	(w)æsutt	wæsitt	wæsitt, -att		wāʀutt	wāʀitt	wāʀitt, -att
mediopassive	indicative	subjunctive	imperative		indicative	subjunctive	imperative¹
singular	—	—	—		—	—	—
plural	—	—	—		—	—	—

1: past imperative is rare
2: regularized to the root wæs-
3: see note 2; -s- is younger, originally had -ʀ-
4: older

Numerals

The following table will present the cardinal 1-10.

Number	Pre-Húsnorsk
1	æinaʀ (/æinăʀ/)
2	twæi(ʀ)
3	þrīʀ
4	fæþwiʀ
5	*fæmf
6	sæks
7	*sævu(n)
8	*āhtu(n)?
9	*n(j)u(n)
10	*t(j)u(n)

Positive inflection of énj

indefinite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	énj	étt	éní	én
accusative	énā	étt	éna	én
dative	éni	éni	énū	énū
genitive	énis	énis	énūs	énūs
definite	singular		plural
	common	neuter	common	neuter
nominative	—	—	—	—
accusative	—	—	—	—
dative	—	—	—	—
genitive	—	—	—	—

This next table is the ordinal 1-10, these were largely regularized to variants of -ði in Pre-Húsnorsk.

Number	Pre-Húsnorsk
1	æinþi
2	twæiþi
3	þrīþi
4	fæþþi (< *fæþwiþi)
5	fæddi (< *fæmdi)
6	sæhti
7	*sæfti
8	atti (/ātti/), *āhti?
9	*ny(n)þi
10	*ty(n)þi

Syntax

Pre-Húsnorsk syntax is relatively the same as Old Norse, and incredibly well preserved by Jugsnorsk, having relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Pre-Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

maðpjoldin wāʀ 1.500 —The population was 1,500

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

ārit 2000 wāʀ maðpjoldin 1.500—In 2000, the population was 1,500 (lit. The year 2000 was the population 1,500)

The prepositional phrase "ārit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after 2000 rather than ārit.

V2 order seemingly has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:

Ari wæsi soltin — Ari is hungry (lit. Ari has hungry)

and as a question:

Ari wæsi soltin? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Ari has hungry?)

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

soltin wæsi Ari? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Hungry has Ari?)

Lexical comparison

Leipzig-Jakarta List
Rank	Meaning	Old West Norse	Old East Norse	Pre-Húsnorsk
1	fire	eldr	eldʀ	eldăʀ
2	nose	nǫs	nǫs	nas
3	to go	ganga	ganga	gagga
4	water	vatn	watn	watn
5	mouth	(body) munnr (river) mynni (river) óss	(body) munþʀ (river) mynni (river) ōss	(body) munþăʀ (river) mynþi (river) ōsăʀ
6	tongue	tunga	tunga	tugga
7	blood	blóð	blōþ	blōþ
8	bone	bein	bēn	bæin
9	2sg pronoun (you)	þú	þū	þū
10	root	rót	rōt	rōt
11	to come (move)	kuma, koma	koma, kuma	koma
12	breast	brjóst	brjōst?	brjost
13	rain	regn	rægn	rægn
14	1sg pronoun (I)	ek	iak	æk
15	name	nafn	nafn (naβn?)	namn
16	louse (Phthirapteron)
17	wing
18	flesh/meat
19	arm/hand
20	fly (Dipteron)
21	night (time)	nátt	nāt	nāt
22	ear
23	neck
24	far (prep.)
25	to do/make
26	house/structure
27	stone/rock (singular)
28	bitter
29	to say	tala	tala	spā¹, tala
30	tooth
31	hair
32	big
33	one (number)	einn	ēn(?)	æin
34	who?
35	3sg pronoun (they)	hann (m) hǫ́n (f) þat (n)	han(n) (m) hōn (f) þæt? (n)	hān (m/f) þat (n)
36	to hit/beat
37	leg/foot
38	horn
39	this (pron.)	sá	sa	sa
40	fish	fiskr	fiskʀ	feskăʀ
41	yesterday
42	to drink
43	black (color)
44	navel
45	to stand
46	to bite
47	back (body)
48	wind
49	smoke (substance)
50	what?
51	child (kin term)
52	egg
53	to give
54	new (adj.)
55	to burn (intr.)
56	not (adj./adv.)	eigi (verbal) -at	ēgi (verbal) -at	æigi, æi (verbal) -(a)t
57	good
58	to know	kunna (a person) kenna	kunna (a person) kænna	konna (a person) kænna
59	knee
60	sand
61	to laugh
62	to hear
63	soil
64	leaf
65	red (color)
66	liver (organ)
67	to hide
68	skin/hide	feldr (animal) skinn (general) húð	feldʀ (animal) skin(n) (general) hūþ	feldăʀ (animal) skenþ³ (general) hūþăʀ (human)
69	to suck
70	to carry
71	ant (Formid)
72	heavy
73	to take
74	old
75	to eat	eta	æta	æta
76	thigh
77	thick
78	long (spacially)
79	to blow
80	wood
81	to run
82	to fall
83	eye (body-part)
84	ash
85	tail
86	dog
87	to cry/weep
88	to tie
89	to see
90	sweet
91	rope
92	shade/shadow
93	bird	fugl, fogl	fogl	foglăʀ
94	salt
95	small
96	wide
97	star
98	in	í	ī	ī
99	hard (materially)
100	to crush/grind

1. cognate to Old Norse "spá" ("to foretell")
2. a form with a-umlaut.
3. a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.