Elvarri: Difference between revisions
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! Process !! Resultant</br>phoneme !! Examples | ! Process !! Resultant</br>phoneme !! Examples | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/g/}} || {{ipa|/ɣ/}} || ''ar'''g'''a'' "also"</br>''meiur'''g'''e'' "garbage, trash" | | {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/g/}} || {{ipa|/ɣ/}} || ''ar'''g'''a'' "also, other"</br>''meiur'''g'''e'' "garbage, trash" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/k/}} || {{ipa|/x/}} || ''ur'''k'''amo'' "to split, to cut"</br>''mur'''k'''ambet'' "aqueduct" | | {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/k/}} || {{ipa|/x/}} || ''ur'''k'''amo'' "to split, to cut"</br>''mur'''k'''ambet'' "aqueduct" | ||
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Grammatically, Elvarri is a [[w:Synthetic language|synthetic]], mostly [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] [[w:Nominative-accusative language|nominative-accusative]] language. [[w:Noun|Nouns]] (''malor''), [[w:Adjective|adjectives]] (''hemerei'') and [[w:Pronoun|pronouns]] (''yomalor'') are inflected on [[w:Animacy|animacy]], [[w:Grammatical number|number]] and [[w:Grammatical case|case]]. Personal pronouns are also often dropped in spoken or colloquial speech, though only if the subject could be inferred; this is discouraged in standardised literary language. [[w:Verb|Verbs]] are inflected on tense, mood, and (to an extent) [[w:Grammatical person|person]]. | Grammatically, Elvarri is a [[w:Synthetic language|synthetic]], mostly [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] [[w:Nominative-accusative language|nominative-accusative]] language. [[w:Noun|Nouns]] (''malor''), [[w:Adjective|adjectives]] (''hemerei'') and [[w:Pronoun|pronouns]] (''yomalor'') are inflected on [[w:Animacy|animacy]], [[w:Grammatical number|number]] and [[w:Grammatical case|case]]. Personal pronouns are also often dropped in spoken or colloquial speech, though only if the subject could be inferred; this is discouraged in standardised literary language. [[w:Verb|Verbs]] are inflected on tense, mood, and (to an extent) [[w:Grammatical person|person]]. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns are primarily infected on case, which then differentiates based on the animacy (broadly, whether the noun is living or not living) and the grammatical number (singular, paucal or plural) of the noun. There are, traditionally, eight noun cases in Elvarri: [[w:Nominative case|nominative]], [[w:Accusative case|accusative]], [[w:Genitive case|genitive]], [[w:Dative case|dative]], [[w:Locative case|locative]], [[w:Instrumental case|instrumental]], [[w:Perlative case|perlative]] and [[w:Vocative case|vocative]]. | Nouns are primarily infected on case, which then differentiates based on the animacy (broadly, whether the noun is living or not living) and the grammatical number (singular, paucal or plural) of the noun. | ||
====Case==== | |||
There are, traditionally, eight noun cases in Elvarri: [[w:Nominative case|nominative]], [[w:Accusative case|accusative]], [[w:Genitive case|genitive]], [[w:Dative case|dative]], [[w:Locative case|locative]], [[w:Instrumental case|instrumental]], [[w:Perlative case|perlative]] and [[w:Vocative case|vocative]]. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
! colspan=2 | !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Locative !! Instrumental !! Perlative !! Vocative | ! colspan=2 | !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive !! Dative !! Locative !! Instrumental !! Perlative !! Vocative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Singular | ! Singular | ||
| ''rukum'' || ''rukumi'' || ''rukumos'' || ''rukumta'' || ''rukumsi'' || '' | | ''rukum'' || ''rukumi'' || ''rukumos'' || ''rukumta'' || ''rukumsi'' || ''rukumes'' || ''rukumess'' || ''rukumto'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Paucal | ! Paucal | ||
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|} | |} | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Animacy==== | |||
Nouns in Elvarri are categorised into either '''animate''' or '''inanimate''' nouns, with their case endings differing based on this animacy. Generally, living things such as {{l|elva|dud}} "tree", {{l|elva|tokis}} "child" or {{l|elva|vanu}} "mother" are inflected as animate, while objects are inflected as inanimate, as in {{l|elva|rukum}} "bread", {{l|elva|farfa}} "flatbread" and {{l|elva|gort}} "container, bottle". However, there are many exceptions to this rule, with many nouns that are ostensibly animate taking on inanimate inflections and vice versa. For example, {{l|elva|vard}}, meaning "meeting spot, meeting place" or by extension "city, ward, town, seaport", is animate, despite referring to a location, which would logically be inanimate (as in {{l|elva|kin}} "field"). These exceptions are usually because the words already imply people are involved; a ''vard'', for example, could not feasibly exist without people to build it or decide on its location. | |||
Additionally, some words can be inflected as either animate or inanimate, though the meaning changes; for example, {{l|elva|teps}} "leaf" can be inflected as animate, {{l|elva|tepsi}}, to refer to living, typically green leaves, or as inanimate, {{l|elva|tepsor}}, to refer to dead, typically brown or yellow leaves (the latter form itself became a euphemism for autumn, {{l|elva|hurdet}}, and became the basis for the word "autumn" in many descendant Elvarno languages). These types of nouns are called animate or inanimate by sense. | |||
====Number==== | |||
Elvarri nouns are conventionally either '''singular''', '''paucal''' or '''plural'''. 'Paucal' is equivalent to the construction "some [noun]s" in English, so {{l|elva|dudom}} would translate to "some trees". Some [[#Case|cases]] don't have unique inflections for the paucal, in particular the vocative, which takes on the singular declension (''-va'') among animate nouns and the plural (''-tor'') among inanimate nouns. | |||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
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! 10 | ! 10 | ||
| ''poz'' || ''pozoi'' | | ''poz'' || ''pozoi'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Ordinal numbers are derived from cardinal numbers and are generally inflected with ''-er'' if odd and ''-et'' if even. | Ordinal numbers are derived from cardinal numbers and are generally inflected with ''-er'' if odd and ''-et'' if even. However, all multiples of 10 are inflected to be ordinal with a separate suffix, ''-oi''. | ||
===Verbs=== | |||
==Example texts== | |||
===Swadesh=== | |||
{{Swadesh | |||
|language=Elvarri | |||
|nativename=elvarriu | |||
|I= | |||
|you (singular)= | |||
|he= | |||
|we= | |||
|you (plural)= | |||
|they= | |||
|this= | |||
|that= | |||
|here= | |||
|there= | |||
|who= | |||
|what= | |||
|where= | |||
|when= | |||
|how= | |||
|not= | |||
|all= | |||
|many= | |||
|some=-om | |||
|few= | |||
|other=arga | |||
|one=hond | |||
|two=nei | |||
|three=sis | |||
|four=kev | |||
|five=hum | |||
|big= | |||
|long= | |||
|wide= | |||
|thick= | |||
|heavy= | |||
|small= | |||
|short= | |||
|narrow= | |||
|thin= | |||
|woman=kav | |||
|man (adult male)=kap | |||
|man (human being)=hosep | |||
|child=tokis | |||
|wife=vardi | |||
|husband=pardi | |||
|mother=vanu | |||
|father=panu | |||
|animal= | |||
|fish= | |||
|bird= | |||
|dog= | |||
|louse= | |||
|snake= | |||
|worm= | |||
|tree=dud | |||
|forest=duid | |||
|stick= | |||
|fruit= | |||
|seed= | |||
|leaf=teps | |||
|root= | |||
|bark= | |||
|flower= | |||
|grass= | |||
|rope= | |||
|skin= | |||
|meat= | |||
|blood= | |||
|bone= | |||
|fat= | |||
|egg= | |||
|horn= | |||
|tail= | |||
|feather= | |||
|hair= | |||
|head= | |||
|ear= | |||
|eye= | |||
|nose= | |||
|mouth= | |||
|tooth= | |||
|tongue= | |||
|fingernail= | |||
|foot= | |||
|leg= | |||
|knee= | |||
|hand= | |||
|wing= | |||
|belly= | |||
|guts= | |||
|neck= | |||
|back= | |||
|breast= | |||
|heart= | |||
|liver= | |||
|drink= | |||
|eat= | |||
|bite= | |||
|suck= | |||
|spit= | |||
|vomit= | |||
|blow= | |||
|breathe= | |||
|laugh= | |||
|see= | |||
|hear= | |||
|know= | |||
|think= | |||
|smell= | |||
|fear= | |||
|sleep= | |||
|live= | |||
|die= | |||
|kill= | |||
|fight= | |||
|hunt= | |||
|hit= | |||
|cut= | |||
|split= | |||
|stab= | |||
|scratch= | |||
|dig= | |||
|swim= | |||
|fly= | |||
|walk= | |||
|come= | |||
|lie= | |||
|sit= | |||
|stand= | |||
|turn= | |||
|fall= | |||
|give= | |||
|hold= | |||
|squeeze= | |||
|rub= | |||
|wash= | |||
|wipe= | |||
|pull= | |||
|push= | |||
|throw= | |||
|tie= | |||
|sew= | |||
|count= | |||
|say= | |||
|sing= | |||
|play= | |||
|float= | |||
|flow= | |||
|freeze= | |||
|swell= | |||
|sun= | |||
|moon= | |||
|star= | |||
|water= | |||
|rain= | |||
|river= | |||
|lake= | |||
|sea= | |||
|salt= | |||
|stone= | |||
|sand= | |||
|dust= | |||
|earth= | |||
|cloud= | |||
|fog= | |||
|sky= | |||
|wind= | |||
|snow= | |||
|ice= | |||
|smoke= | |||
|fire= | |||
|ashes= | |||
|burn= | |||
|road= | |||
|mountain= | |||
|red= | |||
|green= | |||
|yellow= | |||
|white= | |||
|black= | |||
|night= | |||
|day= | |||
|year= | |||
|warm= | |||
|cold= | |||
|full= | |||
|new= | |||
|old= | |||
|good= | |||
|bad= | |||
|rotten= | |||
|dirty= | |||
|straight= | |||
|round= | |||
|sharp= | |||
|dull= | |||
|smooth= | |||
|wet= | |||
|dry= | |||
|correct= | |||
|near= | |||
|far= | |||
|right= | |||
|left= | |||
|at= | |||
|in= | |||
|with= | |||
|and= | |||
|if= | |||
|because= | |||
|name= | |||
}} | |||
[[Category:Elvarri]] [[Category:Hamanna]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Elvarri]] [[Category:Hamanna]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||