Nankôre: Difference between revisions
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The Nankôre verb is rich in voice and tense distinctions. These distinctions are combined in an auxiliary verb, formed by adding one or more prefixes to the copular verb ''itá'' /ɪ'taʔ/, hence this auxiliary is called the ''itá''-verb. The ''itá''-auxiliary verb is always clause final, the main verb and any other VP particles preceding it. One voice, the Direct, also encodes formality, with the long forms, i.e. ''man'itá', suphitá', tā'itá', hô'itá', and pā'itá''', used for formal situations, and the short forms for informal conversation among friends and family. | The Nankôre verb is rich in voice and tense distinctions. These distinctions are combined in an auxiliary verb, formed by adding one or more prefixes to the copular verb ''itá'' /ɪ'taʔ/, hence this auxiliary is called the ''itá''-verb. The ''itá''-auxiliary verb is always clause final, the main verb and any other VP particles preceding it. One voice, the Direct, also encodes formality, with the long forms, i.e. ''man'itá', suphitá', tā'itá', hô'itá', and pā'itá''', used for formal situations, and the short forms for informal conversation among friends and family. | ||
Note that the Present Inverse form ''tā'itá''' is identical in form with that of the Past | Note that the Present Inverse form ''tā'itá''' is identical in form with that of the Past Direct form. Fortunately, the Inverse Voice is double-marked: the enclitic ''ta='' and its allomorphs ''tā=/tah=/tāh='' cliticizes to the main verb so no ambiguity arises. | ||
In a clause chain, the auxiliary for the Direct-Present voice may be dropped after the first clause from the entire discourse. All clauses following the initial clause take the dropped auxiliary's tense; if the auxiliary is mentioned again, it usually is done to indicate a shift in topics. However, if the auxiliary is in any of the non-Direct voices, it must be retained in the discourse.<br/><br/> | In a clause chain, the auxiliary for the Direct-Present voice may be dropped after the first clause from the entire discourse. All clauses following the initial clause take the dropped auxiliary's tense; if the auxiliary is mentioned again, it usually is done to indicate a shift in topics. However, if the auxiliary is in any of the non-Direct voices, it must be retained in the discourse.<br/><br/> | ||
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| itá'|| mankitá'|| ishkitá'|| tākitá'|| hôkitá' || pākitáhi | | itá'|| mankitá'|| ishkitá'|| tākitá'|| hôkitá' || pākitáhi | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Passive | ! style=""| Passive-Direct | ||
| horkitá'|| horankitá'|| horishkitá'|| hortākitá'|| horôkitá' || horpākitáhi | | horkitá'|| horankitá'|| horishkitá'|| hortākitá'|| horôkitá' || horpākitáhi | ||
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<br/> | <br/> | ||
Nankôre has | Nankôre has five intransitive voices, two basic Intransitive voices, one for Active verbs and another for Stative verbs; a Passive-Direct, a Reflexive, and a Reciprocal. A submorpheme ''-k-'' is found in all four intransitive voices, although it is lacking in the Present Tense form of the Intransitive Stative Form. The Active and Stative Intransitive forms are otherwise identical. | ||
The Passive-Direct demotes a lower animate core argument, which is then relegated to oblique status or is dropped from the clause. All Intransitive voices are incompatible with the Inverse marker ''ta=/tā=/tah=/tāh='' that cliticizes to the main verb. | |||
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Detransitive Voices I and II remove one of the core arguments in a transitive clause, thus changing its argument structure by decreasing its valency. The Detransitive I voice removes the core NP argument that has the higher animacy level, and the Detransitive II voice removes the core NP that is lower on the Animacy Heirarchy. The reason that "Passive" and "Antipassive" do not apply is because they are concerned with removing an Agent, in the case of the Passive, or a Patient in the case of the Antipassive. However, it is important to remember that the Agent and Patient roles between the two core arguments of a transitive structure are determined by two factors: their positions in the Animacy Heirarchy with respect to one another, and the presence or absence of the Inverse marker ''ta | Detransitive Voices I and II remove one of the core arguments in a transitive clause, thus changing its argument structure by decreasing its valency. The Detransitive I voice removes the core NP argument that has the higher animacy level, and the Detransitive II voice removes the core NP that is lower on the Animacy Heirarchy. The reason that "Passive" and "Antipassive" do not apply is because they are concerned with removing an Agent, in the case of the Passive, or a Patient in the case of the Antipassive. However, it is important to remember that the Agent and Patient roles between the two core arguments of a transitive structure are determined by two factors: their positions in the Animacy Heirarchy with respect to one another, and the presence or absence of the Inverse marker ''ta=/tā=/tah=/tāh='' affix on both the main verb and the auxiliary. | ||
# ''Nan rompóy yashpa tā'itá' '' "The man hit the dog" (''nan''/man = Agent, ''rompóy''/dog = Patient; Direct Voice - Past Tense) | # ''Nan rompóy yashpa tā'itá' '' "The man hit the dog" (''nan''/man = Agent, ''rompóy''/dog = Patient; Direct Voice - Past Tense) | ||