TolsienO

Phonology

Consonants

		Bilabial		Labio-dental		Dental		Alveolar		Post-alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Glottal
Nasal		m				n						ɲ		ŋ
Plosive		p b				t̚ tʰ t d								k g
Fricative		ɸ β		f v		θ ð		s z		ʃ ʒ ɧ̙ʷ						χ ʁ		h
Approximant												j		w
Flap								(ɾ)
Lateral approx.						l
Prenasalized occlusive														(ᵑg)

Vowels

		Front		Central		Back
Close		i y				u
Close-mid		e (ø)				o
Open-mid		(ɛ) (œ) ɛ̃				ɔ ɔ̃
Open				ä		ɑ̃

Notes :

It is very likely that some phonemes or graphemes that do not appear explicitly in the associated documentation were nonetheless meant to be included. These would be :
The phoneme /ɛ/, which is not mentioned explicitly but is probably the reason the grapheme <Ê ê> appears in the alphabet.
The phoneme /ø/ or /œ/ is also not mentioned explicitly, and there is no grapheme either, but the presence of a ";" shows that it was probably meant to be included. However, this is only very indirect evidence.
In a similar way, there is reason to believe that the phoneme /ɲ/ is included, and corresponds to the explicitly mentioned grapheme <Ñ ñ> ; meanwhile, the phoneme /ᵑg/ is only evidenced by a ";".
The flap /ɾ/ is indirectly mentioned by its inclusion in the syllable /bɾa/ corresponding to the grapheme <Ƃ ƃ>.
Some IPA symbols used in the original description are most likely to be erroneous :
The phoneme /χ/ is probably what was meant by /ħ/ ;
The notation /ɧ̙ʷ/ is the most recent agreed upon description of a phoneme that probably corresponds to what was described as /h̪/ in the original documentation.

Orthography

Alphabet

Y y /jo/ or /ɔj/
Æ æ /aj/ ; Æ̊ æ̊ /ja/
A a /a/
B b /b/
Q q /ʃ/
D d /d/
E e /e/ ; Ê ê /ɛ/ (E, e ; Ê, ê ;)
G g /g/ ; Ñ ñ /ɲ/ (G, g ; ; Ñ, ñ)
H h /h/
I i /i/
Ƶ ƶ /ð/ ; Ƶ̆ ƶ̆ /ʒ/
K k /k/
L l /l/
M m /m/
N n /n/
O o /o/ or /ɔ/ ; Œ œ /o/
P p /p/ ; Ƥ ƥ /ɸ/
R r /ʁ/
C c /s/ ; S s /θ/
T t /t/ ; Ŧ ŧ /t̚/ or /tʰ/ or /t/
U u /y/
V v /v/ ; F f /f/
Ƿ ƿ /wi/
Z z /z/
Ɯ ɯ /ɑ̃/ ; Ɯ̂ ɯ̂ /ɛ̃/ ; Ɯ̌ ɯ̌ /ɔ̃/
W w /u/
X x (or Ħ ħ) /χ/
Ƃ ƃ /bɾa/
Ŋ ŋ /ŋ/
Ɋ ɋ /ɧ̙ʷ/
Ƀ ƀ /β/

Spelling rules

The so-called "link" is a diacritic that is used with either <i> and another vowel, in order to denote the approximant /j/, or <w> (or more rarely, <o>) and another vowel to denote the approximant /w/. A breve accent is also sometimes used in addition to the link, where it would otherwise be ambiguous. Here are a few examples :

i͠e /je/
o͠a /wa/
ê͠w /ɛw/

i͠i /ji/
i͠ĭ /ij/
w͠w /wu/
w͠w̆ /uw/
w͠o ou o͠o /wo/
o͠w̆ ou o͠ŏ /ɔw/

Morphology

Nouns

Gender

There are two genders : masculine and feminine. Canonically, a neuter gender also existed, but has been absorbed by the masculine and the feminine. Gender is usually indicated with so-called thematic vowels, in the ending of a noun : the masculine has the thematic vowels -o- and -e-, although the latter is mostly found in adjectives (which agree in number and gender with the noun they qualify) ; the feminine has the thematic vowel -a-.

Number

There are two numbers : singular and plural. The plural of a noun is usally built by adding the suffix -c, pronounced /s/ after a vowel but with no phonetic realization after a consonant.

Adjectives

Adjectives agree in number and gender with the noun they qualify. However, most adjectives also have a plural neuter form with thematic vowel -i- when qualifying several nouns of different genders.

Verbs

There are three verbal groups in TolsienO : group A includes verbs whose stem form ends in a consonant, group B those whose stem ends in a vowel, and group C verbs that are inherited from Latin. Verbs from groups A and B have an infinitive in -ƃ, while the infinitive of verbs from the group C is usually in -ar or -ir. Verbs are conjugated for mood, tense, and person. There are seven persons : first, second and third person, in both the singular and the plural, as well as a second person of politeness. There are four moods : indicative, absolute (gnomic), conditional and subjunctive.

Indicative Mood

The indicative mood has four tenses : present, imperfect past, perfect past and future.

Present

Person	Group A	Group B	Group C
1SG	-a /a/	-	-a /a/
2SG	-ac /as/	-c /s/	-ac /as/
3SG	-at /at/	-t /t/	-at /at/
1PL	-amw /amu/	-m /t/	-mwc /mus/
2PL	-atc /ats/	-tc /m/	-tic /tis/
3PL	-an /an/	-n /n/	-na /na/
2POL	-e /e/	-e /e/	-e /e/

Imperfect past

Person	Group A	Group B	Group C
1SG	-ta /ta/	-t /t/	-ta /ta/
2SG	-tac /tas/	-tc /ts/	-tac /tas/
3SG	-tat /tat/	-ŧ /t̚/	-tat /tat/
1PL	-tamw /tamu/	-tm /tm/	-tamo /tamo/
2PL	-tatc /tats/	-ŧc /t̚s/	-tati /tati/
3PL	-tan /tan/	-tn /tn/	-tana /tana/
2POL	-te /te/	-te /te/	-te /te/

The imperfect past expresses an event or action that has not yet reached completion, and can be used as a background against which to anchor a reference point in time.

Perfect past

Person	Group A	Group B	Group C
1SG	-fa /fa/	-f /f/	-fa /fa/
2SG	-fac /fas/	-fc /fs/	-fac /fas/
3SG	-fat /fat/	-ft /ft/	-fat /fat/
1PL	-famw /famu/	-fmw /fmu/	-famo /famo/
2PL	-fatc /fats/	-ftc /fts/	-fati /fati/
3PL	-fan /fan/	-fn /fn/	-fana /fana/
2POL	-fe /fe/	-fe /fe/	-fe /fe/

The perfect past expresses an event or action that has reached completion.

Future

Person	Group A	Group B	Group C
1SG	-ra /ʁa/	-r /ʁ/	-ra /ʁa/
2SG	-rac /ʁas/	-rc /ʁs/	-rac /ʁas/
3SG	-rat /ʁat/	-rt /ʁt/	-rat /ʁat/
1PL	-ramw /ʁamu/	-rm /ʁm/	-ramo /ʁamo/
2PL	-ratc /ʁats/	-rtc /ʁts/	-rati /ʁati/
3PL	-ran /ʁan/	-rn /ʁn/	-rana /ʁana/
2POL	-re /ʁe/	-re /ʁe/	-re /ʁe/

Absolute (gnomic)

The absolute is used for expressing general truths, or stylistically / poetically as an intensifier, or in a ritualized kind of way in sacred text or legal texts.

Absolute

Person	Group A	Group B	Group C
1SG	-yh /joh/	-yh /joh/	-y /jo/
2SG	-ys /joθ/	-ys /joθ/	-yc /jos/
3SG	-yŧ /jot̚/	-yŧ /jot̚/	-yt /jot/
1PL	-yƥ /joɸ/	-yƥ /joɸ/	-yf /jof/
2PL	-yƶ̆1 /joʒ/	-yƶ̆1 /joʒ/	-yz /joz/
3PL	-yƿ /jowi/	-yƿ /jowi/	-yn /jon/
2POL	-yƶ /joð/	-yƶ /joð/	-yœ /jo/ (/jo:/ ?)

¹In the original description, the ending appears as -ƶ̆, but given the rest of the paradigm, it is mostly likely a mistake and meant to be -yƶ̆.

Conditional

The conditional is used to express wishes, desires, possibilities, hypotheses, etc.

Present

Person	Group A	Group B	Group C
1SG	-o /o/	-o /o/	-o /o/
2SG	-oc /ɔs/	-oc /ɔs/	-oc /ɔs/
3SG	-ot /ɔt/	-ot /ɔt/	-ot /ɔt/
1PL	-omw /omu/	-omwc /omus/	-omwc /omus/
2PL	-otc /ɔts/	-otic /otis/	-otic /otis/
3PL	-on /ɔn/	-ona /ona/	-ona /ona/
2POL	-o͠e /we/	-o͠e /we/	-o͠e /we/

Subjunctive

The subjunctive is used in dependent clauses.

Present

Person	Group A	Group B	Group C
1SG	-ko /ko/	-ko /ko/	-ko /ko/
2SG	-koc /kɔs/	-kc /ks/	-koc /kɔs/
3SG	-kot /kɔt/	-kt /kt/	-kot /kɔt/
1PL	-komw /komu/	-km /km/	-komwc /komus/
2PL	-kotc /kɔts/	-ktc /kts/	-kotic /kotis/
3PL	-kon /kɔn/	-kn /kn/	-kona /kona/
2POL	-ke /ke/	-ke /ke/	-ke /ke/

Participles

Participles

	Group A	Group B	Group C
Present	-adz /adz/	-dz /dz/	-ant /ant/
Past	-i /i/	-~i1 /j/	-te /te/

¹In the original description, the ending was given as -j. But the letter <J j> is not used in the alphabet, and by analogy with the -i ending of the group A (which corresponds to verbs whose stem ends in a consonant), we can assume this meant the ending for verbs of the group B (whose stem ends in a vowel) should be /j/ (/i/ turning into its corresponding approximant after a vowel). Therefore, the "link" diacritic should be used.