Paranukian: Difference between revisions

Line 12:

| ethnicity = Paranukians

| ancestor1 = [[Proto-Paranukian]]

| state = ~~Paranukian Atoll~~

| state = Paranukia

| official = State of Paranukia

| notice = ipa

| setting = ''Stories from the Land of Dreams''

}}

'''Paranukian''' (''roko sa paranukia'' [[Help:IPA|[ˈɾoko sa paɾanuˈki.a]]], "speech of the Paranukians") or '''Eörean''' or '''Eorean''' is a language spoken in the Paranukian ~~Atoll~~ by around 1,500,000 Paranukians (''se paranukia''). It is the official language of the State of Paranukia, where it is also the most spoken language.

'''Paranukian''' (''roko sa paranukia'' [[Help:IPA|[ˈɾoko sa paɾanuˈki.a]]], "speech of the Paranukians") or '''Eörean''' or '''Eorean''' is a language spoken in the Paranukian islands by around 1,500,000 Paranukians (''se paranukia''). It is the official language of the State of Paranukia, where it is also the most spoken language.

Paranukian developed from [[Proto-Paranukian]] spoken around 10,000 years ago, brought to the islands by the ~~Cameran~~ people, settling in what is now Cape Camera. It was first standardised by Eöre, scribe of king ~~Funaö~~ III of the kingdom of Funaokia, hence its alternative name of "Eorean" or "Eörean" and its Linguifex code of "'''eore'''".

Paranukian developed from [[Proto-Paranukian]] spoken around 10,000 years ago, brought to the islands by the Cape Camera people, settling in what is now Cape Camera. It was first standardised by Eöre, scribe of king Funao III of the kingdom of Funaokia, hence its alternative name of "Eorean" or "Eörean" and its Linguifex code of "'''eore'''". Paranukian is an OSV, adjective-noun fusional language, and is closely related to the other Paranukian languages such as Funaokian, Sununchu and Pago.

==Grammar==

===Articles===

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Line 40:

|-

! {{gcl|dat}}/{{gcl|inst}}

| ''u'' || ''hu'' || ''tu'' || ''su''/''so''

| ''u'' || ''hu'' || ''tu'' || ''so''/''su''

|}

Articles after the slashes (''so'' for accusative plural definite and ''su'' for dative/instrumental plural definite) are considered literary and are rarely used in spoken speech unless the situation calls for very formal language, such as an official government communication.

Genitives with proper nouns as possessors can use both the indefinite or definite article, though with slight semantic differences. For example, if there are two people named John who possess a car ''each'', this can be expressed as:

: ''kara '''ha''' John''

Line 50:

Line 54:

Other proper nouns have a codified number and definiteness, e.g.

* countries are always singular definite, as in '''''Ta''' Firanasa ba huri na'' "My father is from France", or '''''To''' Amerika ingihi'' "I am going to America".

*

* people of a high social order, such as the elderly, religious officials and elected politicians, are always referred to in the third-person with the singular definite, such as '''''te''' Eöre Mokimiga hoi...'' "Ëore Mokimiga declares..."

===Verbs===

Paranukian verbs are inflected on subject number, subject definiteness, tense, and mood. Paranukian has no continuous aspect, only an indicative one which is unmarked.

Paranukian verbs fall into two categories, I and II. Class I verbs end in ''-i'' in their infinitive form, and are inflected as such:

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

|+ Paranukian class I verb paradigm

|-

! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | !! colspan=4 | Subject

|-

! colspan=2 | {{gcl|indef}} !! colspan=2 | {{gcl|def}}

|-

! {{gcl|sing}} !! {{gcl|pl}} !! {{gcl|sing}} !! {{gcl|pl}}

|-

! rowspan=4 | Non-past

! {{gcl|ind}}

| ''-i'' || ''-(i)si'' || ''-(i)hi'' || ''-(i)fi''

|-

! {{gcl|pot}}

| ''-(i)ki'' || ''-(i)siki'' || ''-(i)hiki'' || ''-(i)fiki''

|-

! {{gcl|cond}}

| ''-(i)ni'' || ''-(i)sini'' || ''-(i)hini'' || ''-(i)fini''

|-

! {{gcl|imp}}

| colspan=2 style="background-color:darkgray" | || ''-o'' || ''-(o)ho''

|-

! rowspan=3 | Past

! {{gcl|ind}}

| ''-e'' || ''-(e)si'' || ''-(e)hi'' || ''-(e)fi''

|-

! {{gcl|pot}}

| ''-(e)ki'' || ''-(e)siki'' || ''-(e)hiki'' || ''-(e)fiki''

|-

! {{gcl|cond}}

| ''-(e)ni'' || ''-(e)sini'' || ''-(e)hini'' || ''-(e)fini''

|}

Class II verbs are inflected

[[Category:Paranukian language]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]]

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 | ethnicity = Paranukians
 | ancestor1 = [[Proto-Paranukian]]
-| state = Paranukian Atoll
+| state = Paranukia
 | official = State of Paranukia
+| notice = ipa
+| setting = ''Stories from the Land of Dreams''
 }}
-'''Paranukian''' (''roko sa paranukia'' [[Help:IPA|[ˈɾoko sa paɾanuˈki.a]]], "speech of the Paranukians") or '''Eörean''' or '''Eorean''' is a language spoken in the Paranukian Atoll by around 1,500,000 Paranukians (''se paranukia''). It is the official language of the State of Paranukia, where it is also the most spoken language.
+'''Paranukian''' (''roko sa paranukia'' [[Help:IPA|[ˈɾoko sa paɾanuˈki.a]]], "speech of the Paranukians") or '''Eörean''' or '''Eorean''' is a language spoken in the Paranukian islands by around 1,500,000 Paranukians (''se paranukia''). It is the official language of the State of Paranukia, where it is also the most spoken language.
-Paranukian developed from [[Proto-Paranukian]] spoken around 10,000 years ago, brought to the islands by the Cameran people, settling in what is now Cape Camera. It was first standardised by Eöre, scribe of king Funaö III of the kingdom of Funaokia, hence its alternative name of "Eorean" or "Eörean" and its Linguifex code of "'''eore'''".
+Paranukian developed from [[Proto-Paranukian]] spoken around 10,000 years ago, brought to the islands by the Cape Camera people, settling in what is now Cape Camera. It was first standardised by Eöre, scribe of king Funao III of the kingdom of Funaokia, hence its alternative name of "Eorean" or "Eörean" and its Linguifex code of "'''eore'''". Paranukian is an OSV, adjective-noun fusional language, and is closely related to the other Paranukian languages such as Funaokian, Sununchu and Pago.
 ==Grammar==
 ===Articles===
@@ Line 38: / Line 40: @@
 |-
 ! {{gcl|dat}}/{{gcl|inst}}
-| ''u'' || ''hu'' || ''tu'' || ''su''/''so''
+| ''u'' || ''hu'' || ''tu'' || ''so''/''su''
 |}
+Articles after the slashes (''so'' for accusative plural definite and ''su'' for dative/instrumental plural definite) are considered literary and are rarely used in spoken speech unless the situation calls for very formal language, such as an official government communication.
 Genitives with proper nouns as possessors can use both the indefinite or definite article, though with slight semantic differences. For example, if there are two people named John who possess a car ''each'', this can be expressed as:
 : ''kara '''ha''' John''
@@ Line 50: / Line 54: @@
 Other proper nouns have a codified number and definiteness, e.g.
 * countries are always singular definite, as in '''''Ta''' Firanasa ba huri na'' "My father is from France", or '''''To''' Amerika ingihi'' "I am going to America".
-*
+* people of a high social order, such as the elderly, religious officials and elected politicians, are always referred to in the third-person with the singular definite, such as '''''te''' Eöre Mokimiga hoi...'' "Ëore Mokimiga declares..."
+===Verbs===
+Paranukian verbs are inflected on subject number, subject definiteness, tense, and mood. Paranukian has no continuous aspect, only an indicative one which is unmarked.
+Paranukian verbs fall into two categories, I and II. Class I verbs end in ''-i'' in their infinitive form, and are inflected as such:
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+|+ Paranukian class I verb paradigm
+|-
+! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | !! colspan=4 | Subject
+|-
+! colspan=2 | {{gcl|indef}} !! colspan=2 | {{gcl|def}}
+|-
+! {{gcl|sing}} !! {{gcl|pl}} !! {{gcl|sing}} !! {{gcl|pl}}
+|-
+! rowspan=4 | Non-past
+! {{gcl|ind}}
+| ''-i'' || ''-(i)si'' || ''-(i)hi'' || ''-(i)fi''
+|-
+! {{gcl|pot}}
+| ''-(i)ki'' || ''-(i)siki'' || ''-(i)hiki'' || ''-(i)fiki''
+|-
+! {{gcl|cond}}
+| ''-(i)ni'' || ''-(i)sini'' || ''-(i)hini'' || ''-(i)fini''
+|-
+! {{gcl|imp}}
+| colspan=2 style="background-color:darkgray" | || ''-o'' || ''-(o)ho''
+|-
+! rowspan=3 | Past
+! {{gcl|ind}}
+| ''-e'' || ''-(e)si'' || ''-(e)hi'' || ''-(e)fi''
+|-
+! {{gcl|pot}}
+| ''-(e)ki'' || ''-(e)siki'' || ''-(e)hiki'' || ''-(e)fiki''
+|-
+! {{gcl|cond}}
+| ''-(e)ni'' || ''-(e)sini'' || ''-(e)hini'' || ''-(e)fini''
+|}
+Class II verbs are inflected
 [[Category:Paranukian language]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]]