User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51: Difference between revisions
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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]] | [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]] | ||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''a | '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''a Thígall'' [ə ˈɬiːɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] or ''a ŋgaoth d{{PAGENAME}}'' [ə ŋɔɬ ˈtiːɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] 'the {{PAGENAME}} language'; pronounced "teagle" in English) is a [[{{PAGENAME}}ic languages|{{PAGENAME}}ic]] language (a subbranch of the [[Talmic languages]]) inspired by Irish, German and Hindi. It is the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. {{PAGENAME}} was created in part as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". Like all modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the west coast of the continent ''Cuadhlabh'' on Hussmauch. | ||
==Numbers== | ==Numbers== | ||
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*<sup>L</sup> - lenition/aspiration | *<sup>L</sup> - lenition/aspiration | ||
*<sup>N</sup> - eclipsis | *<sup>N</sup> - eclipsis | ||
*<sup>B</sup> - [[ | *<sup>B</sup> - [[{{PAGENAME}}#Addition_of_the_b-prefix|b-prefixation]] | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
[[File:Talmic cursive script.png|thumbnail|Talmic script, used for writing {{PAGENAME}}|750px]] | [[File:Talmic cursive script.png|thumbnail|Talmic script, used for writing {{PAGENAME}}|750px]] | ||
Like other modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is written in the Talmic cursive script, which is written from left to right. Some letters are not used in modern {{PAGENAME}}, such as the Thensarian letters ''y, th, dh, ch, gh''; the letters ''j'' and ''v'' are not used except in loanwords. The letter ''h'' is used for lenition as in Irish. So the | Like other modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is written in the Talmic cursive script, which is written from left to right. Some letters are not used in modern {{PAGENAME}}, such as the Thensarian letters ''y, th, dh, ch, gh''; the letters ''j'' and ''v'' are not used except in loanwords. The letter ''h'' is used for lenition as in Irish. So the {{PAGENAME}} alphabet is usually considered to have 20 letters (''r d z i a f m g t h b s o ŋ p l n e u c'') (digraphs and length diacritics are not counted). | ||
The spelling is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old Tigal pronunciation. | The spelling is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old Tigal pronunciation. | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Treated below is the phonology of Standard | Treated below is the phonology of Standard {{PAGENAME}} ({{abbtip|/ə ˈɬɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ ˈhiətʰœɳ/|''a Thigall hÉtaoin''}}). Other dialects differ mostly in vowel reflexes from Old {{PAGENAME}} and in the treatment of Old {{PAGENAME}} /n, nn, l, ll, r, rr/. | ||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
Primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. | Primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. | ||
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====Fortis and lenis resonants==== | ====Fortis and lenis resonants==== | ||
Certain accents and dialects preserve to varying degrees the Old | Certain accents and dialects preserve to varying degrees the Old {{PAGENAME}} distinction between fortis and lenis resonants: /l L n N r R/. | ||
One dialect has: | One dialect has: | ||
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====''L''-colored vowels==== | ====''L''-colored vowels==== | ||
In Étaoin | In Étaoin {{PAGENAME}} l-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the vocalized velar liquid [ɤˁ]: | ||
* /iː/, /iə/ + [ɤˁ] > /iɤˁ/ | * /iː/, /iə/ + [ɤˁ] > /iɤˁ/ | ||
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====Notes==== | ====Notes==== | ||
=====Close vowels===== | =====Close vowels===== | ||
*/iː/ is close front unrounded [iː] ([[Media: | */iː/ is close front unrounded [iː] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_í.ogg|listen]]). | ||
*/iə/ is phonetically [iə] ([[Media: | */iə/ is phonetically [iə] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_é.ogg|listen]]). | ||
*/iɤˁ/ is phonetically [iːɤˁ] ([[Media: | */iɤˁ/ is phonetically [iːɤˁ] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_íl.ogg|listen]]). | ||
*/yː/ is usually close near-front rounded [y̠ː] ([[Media: | */yː/ is usually close near-front rounded [y̠ː] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_úi.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed. | ||
*/yə/ is phonetically [yə], [y̠ə] or [ʏə] ([[Media: | */yə/ is phonetically [yə], [y̠ə] or [ʏə] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_ói.ogg|listen]]). | ||
*/yɤˁ/ is phonetically [y̠ːɤˁ] ([[Media: | */yɤˁ/ is phonetically [y̠ːɤˁ] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_úil.ogg|listen]]). | ||
*/ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː] ([[Media: | */ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_ú.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded. | ||
*/uə/ is phonetically [uə] or [ʊə] ([[Media: | */uə/ is phonetically [uə] or [ʊə] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_ó.ogg|listen]]). It is a monophthong [uː] for some speakers. | ||
*/ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː] ([[Media: | */ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_ul.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed. | ||
**In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ]. | **In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ]. | ||
*/ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] ([[Media: | */ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_i.ogg|listen]]). | ||
*/ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ] ([[Media: | */ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_ui.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed. | ||
*/ʏɤˁ/ is phonetically [ʏɤˁ] ([[Media: | */ʏɤˁ/ is phonetically [ʏɤˁ] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_uil.ogg|listen]]). | ||
*/ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠] ([[Media: | */ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_u.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded. | ||
=====Mid vowels===== | =====Mid vowels===== | ||
*/eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː] ([[Media: | */eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_aé.ogg|listen]]). | ||
*/eɤˁ/ is phonetically [eːɤˁ] ([[Media: | */eɤˁ/ is phonetically [eːɤˁ] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_aél.ogg|listen]]). | ||
*/øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [ø̠ː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː] ([[Media: | */øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [ø̠ː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_aói.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed. | ||
*/øɤˁ/ is phonetically [ø̠ːɤˁ] ([[Media: | */øɤˁ/ is phonetically [ø̠ːɤˁ] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_aóil.ogg|listen]]). | ||
*/ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː] ([[Media: | */ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_aó.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded. | ||
*/ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː] ([[Media: | */ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_aol.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed. | ||
**In careful speech, this is a diphthong [oɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ]. | **In careful speech, this is a diphthong [oɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ]. | ||
*/ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] ([[Media: | */ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_e.ogg|listen]]). | ||
*/ɛɤˁ/ is phonetically [ɛ̞ɤˁ] ([[Media: | */ɛɤˁ/ is phonetically [ɛ̞ɤˁ] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_el.ogg|listen]]). | ||
*/œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ] ([[Media: | */œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_oi.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is compressed. | ||
*/œɤˁ/ is phonetically [œɤˁ] or [ɞɤˁ] ([[Media: | */œɤˁ/ is phonetically [œɤˁ] or [ɞɤˁ] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_oil.ogg|listen]]). | ||
*[ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] when word-final or utterance-final. | *[ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] when word-final or utterance-final. | ||
**If a sonorant follows in the syllable coda, the schwa often disappears so that the sonorant becomes syllabic. | **If a sonorant follows in the syllable coda, the schwa often disappears so that the sonorant becomes syllabic. | ||
*[ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ]. | *[ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ]. | ||
*/ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞] ([[Media: | */ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_o.ogg|listen]]). Its rounding is protruded. | ||
=====Open vowels===== | =====Open vowels===== | ||
*/aː/ is open (fully) front unrounded [aː], or near-open front unrounded [æː] ([[Media: | */aː/ is open (fully) front unrounded [aː], or near-open front unrounded [æː] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_á.ogg|listen]]). | ||
*/ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ] ([[Media: | */ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_a.ogg|listen]]). | ||
*/ɑˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɑɤˁ] or [äɤˁ] ([[Media: | */ɑˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɑɤˁ] or [äɤˁ] ([[Media:{{PAGENAME}}_ál.ogg|listen]]). | ||
====Umlaut==== | ====Umlaut==== | ||
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{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;" | {| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|+ ''' | |+ '''{{PAGENAME}} personal pronouns''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| | !| | ||
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====Preterite tense==== | ====Preterite tense==== | ||
The preterite is considered archaic in Standard | The preterite is considered archaic in Standard {{PAGENAME}}. It may be found in remote or isolated dialects. | ||
====Perfect tense==== | ====Perfect tense==== | ||
The suffix ''<sup>i</sup>-ính'' is added to the stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ''ro''. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in Étaoin | The suffix ''<sup>i</sup>-ính'' is added to the stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ''ro''. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in Étaoin {{PAGENAME}}. | ||
:'''''Cáisính luc ruính.''''' | :'''''Cáisính luc ruính.''''' | ||
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===Sentence phrase=== | ===Sentence phrase=== | ||
====Predicate nouns and adjectives==== | ====Predicate nouns and adjectives==== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} is zero-copula, like Hebrew. For predicate sentences, the predicate (unmarked) form of the predicate noun or adjective is placed before the subject, and the pronoun is used. | |||
:'''''Zuadhma ŋú caothar.''''' | :'''''Zuadhma ŋú caothar.''''' | ||