Gur language: Difference between revisions

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===Stress===
===Stress===
Words are stressed on the antepenultimate syllable. The stress falls on the penultimate syllable if the last syllable has a long vowel, or the penult is heavy. A syllable is heavy if it ends in a long vowel or in a vowel and a consonant.
Words are stressed on the antepenultimate syllable. The stress falls on the penultimate syllable if the last syllable has a long vowel or the penult is heavy. A syllable is heavy if it ends in a long vowel or in a vowel and a consonant.
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
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The '''vocative case''' (used to address someone in direct speech) is identical to the nominative form, except in the masculine singular of the first declension (''-as'' → ''-e'').
The '''vocative case''' (used to address someone in direct speech) is identical to the nominative form, except in the masculine singular of the first declension (''-as'' → ''-e'').
=====Feminine nouns=====
=====Feminine nouns in -a=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''First declension: ''miwa,'' f. (tongue, language)'''
! colspan="4" | '''First declension: ''miwa,'' f. (tongue, language)'''
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! Locative
! Locative
| miw-ȋ || miw-an || miw-ain
| miw-ȋ || miw-an || miw-ain
|}
=====Feminine nouns in -ȋa=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''First declension: ''mantȋa,'' f. (blackberry)'''
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| mant-ȋa || mant-ȋn || mant-ȋes
|-
! Genitive
| mant-iȗ || mant-ȋan || mant-ȋain
|-
! Dative
| mant-ȋ || mant-iȃni || mant-ȋsi
|-
! Accusative
| mant-ȋu || mant-ȋs || mant-ȋes
|-
! Ablative
| mant-ȋak || mant-ȋam || mant-ȋais
|-
! Locative
| mant-ȋ || mant-ȋan || mant-ȋain
|}
|}
=====Neuter nouns=====
=====Neuter nouns=====
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|}
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If the stem does not end in vowel + ''l, n, r, χ'', the dative plural ending is '''-ȇsi'''.
If the stem does not end in vowel + ''l, n, r, χ'', the dative plural ending is '''-ȇsi'''.
=====Neuter nouns=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''Second declension: ''śendil,'' n. (wing)'''
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| śendil || śendil-in || śendil-un
|-
! Genitive
| śendil-as || śendil-an || śendil-ain
|-
! Dative
| śendil-ȋ || śendil-ȃni || śendil-si
|-
! Accusative
| śendil || śendil-in || śendil-un
|-
! Ablative
| śendil-ak || śendil-am || śendil-ais
|-
! Locative
| śendil-ȋ || śendil-an || śendil-ain
|}
====Third declension (masculine and feminine nouns)====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | '''Third declension: ''drenis,'' m., f. (deer)'''
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| dren-is || dren-in || dren-un
|-
! Genitive
| dren-as || dren-an || dren-ain
|-
! Dative
| dren-ȋ || dren-ȃni || dren-si
|-
! Accusative
| dren-u || dren-in || dren-un
|-
! Ablative
| dren-ak || dren-am || dren-ais
|-
! Locative
| dren-ȋ || dren-an || dren-ain
|}
===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
====Types====
First-declension adjectives are declined like first-declension nouns for the masculine, feminine, and neuter forms; for example, ''olmas, olma, olmi'' “holy, sacred”.
Second-declension adjectives are declined like second-declension nouns. They have one form for the masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative singular (such as ''raś'' “green”).
====Comparative and superlative forms====
Comparison of adjectives is formed by suffixing. Adjectives have three degrees: positive (the normal form of the adjectives), comparative, and superlative.
The suffixes are:
* comparative: '''-ial''' / '''-al''' ''(olmial, raśal)''
* superlative: '''-ȇmas, -ȇma, -ȇmi''' ''(olmȇmas, raśȇmas)''
The suffix '''-eg-''' corresponds to “too”; for example, ''olmegas'' “too holy”.
===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===
====Types====
A first-declension adjective is made into an adverb by adding '''-ȃ''' onto its base ''(olmȃ)''. A second-declension adjective is made into an adverb by adding '''-en''' onto its base ''(raśen)''.
====Comparative and superlative forms====
The comparative is made in the same way in which the comparison of the adjective is formed ''(olmial)''. However, adverbs from second-declension adjectives form the comparative by using an additional infix ''(raśawal)''.
Both types of adverbs have regular superlative forms ''(olmȇmȃ, raśȇmȃ)''.
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
The infinitive of the verb ends in '''-ȃn'''.
===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===


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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
Word order is subject–object–verb.
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->

Revision as of 21:35, 25 August 2016


Introduction

Phonology

Consonants

Gur consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p b t d k g
Fricative s z ʃ x h
Trill r
Lateral approximant l
Approximant j w

Note:

  • The consonants /j/ and /w/ are analyzed as non-vocalic vowels /i̯/ and /u̯/.
  • N is pronounced /ŋ/ before velar consonants.

Vowels

Gur has a simple system of five vowels, which can be either short or long.

Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i iː u uː
Open-mid ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔː
Open a aː

Stress

Words are stressed on the antepenultimate syllable. The stress falls on the penultimate syllable if the last syllable has a long vowel or the penult is heavy. A syllable is heavy if it ends in a long vowel or in a vowel and a consonant.

Grammar

Nouns

First declension

Masculine nouns
First declension: aχkas, m. (boy)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative aχk-as aχk-in aχk-ai
Genitive aχk-ȗ aχk-an aχk-ain
Dative aχk-ȋ aχk-ȃni aχk-ȃsi
Accusative aχk-i aχk-ȇni aχk-un
Ablative aχk-ak aχk-am aχk-ais
Locative aχk-ȋ aχk-an aχk-ain

The vocative case (used to address someone in direct speech) is identical to the nominative form, except in the masculine singular of the first declension (-as → -e).

Feminine nouns in -a
First declension: miwa, f. (tongue, language)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative miw-a miw-in miw-ai
Genitive miw-ȗ miw-an miw-ain
Dative miw-ȋ miw-ȃni miw-ȃsi
Accusative miw-u miw-ȇs miw-es
Ablative miw-ak miw-am miw-ais
Locative miw-ȋ miw-an miw-ain
Feminine nouns in -ȋa
First declension: mantȋa, f. (blackberry)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative mant-ȋa mant-ȋn mant-ȋes
Genitive mant-iȗ mant-ȋan mant-ȋain
Dative mant-ȋ mant-iȃni mant-ȋsi
Accusative mant-ȋu mant-ȋs mant-ȋes
Ablative mant-ȋak mant-ȋam mant-ȋais
Locative mant-ȋ mant-ȋan mant-ȋain
Neuter nouns
First declension: luri, n. (evening)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative lur-i lur-in lur-ia
Genitive lur-ȗ lur-an lur-ain
Dative lur-ȋ lur-ȃni lur-ȃsi
Accusative lur-i lur-in lur-ia
Ablative lur-ak lur-am lur-ais
Locative lur-ȋ lur-an lur-ain

Second declension

Masculine and feminine nouns
Second declension: kar, m. (fish)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative kar kar-in kar-un
Genitive kar-as kar-an kar-ain
Dative kar-ȋ kar-ȃni kar-si
Accusative kar-u kar-in kar-un
Ablative kar-ak kar-am kar-ais
Locative kar-ȋ kar-an kar-ain

If the stem does not end in vowel + l, n, r, χ, the dative plural ending is -ȇsi.

Neuter nouns
Second declension: śendil, n. (wing)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative śendil śendil-in śendil-un
Genitive śendil-as śendil-an śendil-ain
Dative śendil-ȋ śendil-ȃni śendil-si
Accusative śendil śendil-in śendil-un
Ablative śendil-ak śendil-am śendil-ais
Locative śendil-ȋ śendil-an śendil-ain

Third declension (masculine and feminine nouns)

Third declension: drenis, m., f. (deer)
Case Singular Dual Plural
Nominative dren-is dren-in dren-un
Genitive dren-as dren-an dren-ain
Dative dren-ȋ dren-ȃni dren-si
Accusative dren-u dren-in dren-un
Ablative dren-ak dren-am dren-ais
Locative dren-ȋ dren-an dren-ain

Adjectives

Types

First-declension adjectives are declined like first-declension nouns for the masculine, feminine, and neuter forms; for example, olmas, olma, olmi “holy, sacred”.

Second-declension adjectives are declined like second-declension nouns. They have one form for the masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative singular (such as raś “green”).

Comparative and superlative forms

Comparison of adjectives is formed by suffixing. Adjectives have three degrees: positive (the normal form of the adjectives), comparative, and superlative.

The suffixes are:

  • comparative: -ial / -al (olmial, raśal)
  • superlative: -ȇmas, -ȇma, -ȇmi (olmȇmas, raśȇmas)

The suffix -eg- corresponds to “too”; for example, olmegas “too holy”.

Adverbs

Types

A first-declension adjective is made into an adverb by adding -ȃ onto its base (olmȃ). A second-declension adjective is made into an adverb by adding -en onto its base (raśen).

Comparative and superlative forms

The comparative is made in the same way in which the comparison of the adjective is formed (olmial). However, adverbs from second-declension adjectives form the comparative by using an additional infix (raśawal).

Both types of adverbs have regular superlative forms (olmȇmȃ, raśȇmȃ).

Verbs

The infinitive of the verb ends in -ȃn.

Derivational morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Word order is subject–object–verb.

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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