Brytho-Hellenic

Brytho-Hellenic
Elynik (to kæn)
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|ɛ'le:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]]
Created by	–
Native to	Elas to Kæn
Native speakers	52 millions (2012)
Language family	Indo-European Hellenic Celto-Hellenic Brytho-Hellenic
Official status
Official language in	Elas to Kæn
Language codes
ISO 639-1	el
ISO 639-2	ely
ISO 639-3	ely
New Greece or "Elas to Kæn"

General information

Brytho-Hellenic, Brythohellenic or simply Neohellenic (the native name is Elynik) is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales. In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again. In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat. In 381 b.C. Conon the Athenian and his Greeks reach our Scilly Islands: they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the New Greece or Elas to Kæn (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

Phonology

Alphabet

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the Greek language to communicate, whereas the Latin language became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the Latin alphabet, maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes. As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 25 letters:

Letters	Pronunciation	Further informations
a	[a]	-
æ	[ai̯]	it is actually a diphthong, this letter (together with ø) seems to be a Nordic loan, since in medieval manuscripts only ae, ai and au are found
b	[b]	-
d	[d]	-
dh	[ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ]	generally it is pronounced as th in the word this; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is a, e, i or y, while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is o or u. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes in patterns o-o, u-u, o-u and u-o
e	[ɛ]	it is always pronounced open
f	[f]	-
g	[g] / [x] / [h]	when it comes beforse or after other consonants it is pronounced [g], between vowels it is pronounced [x], even if some speakers tend to pronounce it as [h] in this position
h	[h]	-
i	[i] / [j]	often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
k	[k]	it is always pronunced as in the English word kite
l	[l]	-
m	[m]	-
n	[n]	-
o	[ɔ] / [o]	it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
ø	[ɔi̯]	it is actually a diphthong, the letter (together with æ) seems to be a Nordic loan, since in medieval manuscripts only oe, oi and ou are found
p	[p]	-
r	[r]	trilled just as in Italian
s	[s]	always voiceless
t	[t]	-
th	[θ]	as th in the English thin
u	[i]	-
v	[v]	-
w	[u] / [w]	it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel; when it is followed by l or r it can have either a consonantal or vocalic value, to distinguish it, it is written ŵ when it has a vocalic value; in the diphthong wy it can be either the vocalic (it is written ŵy) or consonantical element (it is written wŷ)
y	[i] / [e]	in monosyllabic words it is read as [i], in polysyllabic words it is read [i] if in the last syllable, otherwise [e]; in the diphthong wy it can be either the vocalic (it is written ŷw) or consonantical element (it is written yŵ)

Consonantal phonemes

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

Phonemes	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	p b			t d			k g
Affricate
Nasal	m	(ɱ)		n			(ŋ)
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s			x	h
Approximant				r̥ r		j	w
Lateral approximant				l

Vocalic phonemes

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

Phonemes
Opening	Front	Back
Closed	i	u
Mid-closed	e	o
Mid-open	ɛ	ɔ
Open	a

Diphthongs and digraphs

In Brythohellenic there are 16 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

Diphthongs	Pronunciation
aw	[au̯]
ei, eu, ey	[ɛi̯]
ew	[ɛu̯]
ia	[ja]
ie	[jɛ]
io	[jɔ] / [jo]
iw	[ju]
uw	[iu̯]
wa	[wa]
we	[wɛ]
wi	[wi]
wo	[wɔ] / [wo]
ŵy / wŷ	[wi] - [we] / [ui̯]
ŷw / yŵ	[iu̯] - [eu̯] / [ju]

As it has been seen before, æ and ø are considered true letters, though they are actually pronounced as diphthongs. Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: rh [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as dh and th are considered true letters.

Stress

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the Brythonic languages. Two main changes have been:

• often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: σοφία > *σόφια > hef, "knowledge";
• almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: καινός > kæn, "new"; θάνατος > thanadh, "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: thalas ['θalas], "sea" > thalasas [θa'lasas], "seas"; ælŵr ['ai̯lur], "cat" > ælŵrø [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Grammar

Nouns, gender and number

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynik has got two genders - masculine and feminine - and two numbers - singular and plural. It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender. Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

• ø, that is typical of masculine nouns;
• æ, that is used with feminine nouns;
• as, less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

Unfortunately there are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of ith, "fish", is ithwas; the plural of gys, "earth", is gæ; the plural of ŵr, "water", is wdhas, and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few. Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

Singular	Plural	Gender	Meaning	Singular	Plural	Gender	Meaning
lidh	lidhø	masculine	stone	pwd	pwdas	masculine	foot
kŵr	kŵræ	feminine	land	ŵran	wranø	masculine	sky, heaven
kryvid	kryvidas	feminine	shoe	fws	fwdhas	masculine	light
sŵy	sŵæ	feminine	life	lws	lwsæ	feminine	language
thyr	thyras	masculine	animal	bivyl	bivlø	masculine	book
ef	afæ	feminine	love	alwvik	alwvikæ	masculine	fox
køran	køranø	masculine	lord	køren	køranæ	feminine	lady
enyr	annyr	masculine	man	gunys	gunæ	feminine	woman
pur	purø	masculine	fire	kefel	kefalæ	feminine	head
tov	tovø	masculine	place	kron	kronø	masculine	time
odhyr	odhrø	masculine	morning	yver	yveræ	feminine	day
dyl	dylæ	feminine	afternoon	efer	eferæ	feminine	evening
nuth	nuthas	feminine	night	hilyn	hilynæ	feminine	moon
seldh	seldhø	masculine	priest	sildh	seldhæ	feminine	priestess
dennyr	dennyras	masculine	tree	kadh	kadhas	masculine	hand
etyr	eteras	masculine	star	omadh	omadhas	masculine	eye
kedhydh	kedhydhas	masculine	teacher	fil	filø	masculine	friend
ethyr	ethrø	masculine	enemy	edhær	edhærø	masculine	lover
kuwn	kunø	masculine	dog	kom	komø	masculine	world

Loan words

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority". During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

Original word	Singular	Plural	Gender	Meaning
derwen	darwen	darwenæ	feminine	oak
derwydd	darwydh	darwydhas	masculine	priest, magician, druid
bryn	bryn	brynæ	feminine	hill
nifwl	nivwl	nivlø	masculine	mist, fog
llyn	lyn	lynø	masculine	lake
gwellt	gweldh	gweldhas	feminine	grass
ofydd	ovydh	ovydhas	masculine	ovate
bardos	bard	bardas	masculine	poet
awen	awen	awenæ	feminine	inspiration
bleydh	bleudh	bleudhas	masculine	wolf
lowarth	lowarth	lowarthas	feminine	paradise
calon	kalen	kalenæ	feminine	heart

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ουάτις, a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*vatis), comes gwedh, "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ofydd, that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain. Another example is the word bard, that has substituted the Ancient Greek ἀοιδός, whose descendant, awid, has got the meaning of "artist". Even the word awen has substituted another Greek word, dævon < *δαιμόνος < δαιμόνιον, that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural Awenæ is also used to mean Mwsæ, plural of Mws < Mοῦσα, "Muse".

Formation of feminine

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender. Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

• -yr (pl. -(y)ræ), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with -ydh and denoting agent, ex.: melbydh (= "singer") > melbydhyr (plural: melbydhræ);
• -en (pl. -anæ), added to many nouns, ex.: ethyr > ethren (plural: ethranæ); fil > filen (plural: filanæ);
• -e- (pl. -a-æ), that replaces the ending a + consonant of many masculine nouns, ex.: elaf (= "deer") > elef (plural: elafæ); maw (= "sorcerer") > mew (= "witch") (plural: mawæ).

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: seldh > sildh (plural: seldhæ).

Articles

Brythohellenic hasn't got indefinite article, to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: ælŵr means both "a cat" and "cat", and gunæs means both "some women" and "women". There is only one kind of article, the definite one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations. The definite article has got one invariable form, to, that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: to omyr, "the rain"; to hwvadh, "the body"; to lwsæ, "the languages"; to nysø, "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynik the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

• to omyr > omyr to surin (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
• to nysø > nysø to euwedhø (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

• Elas (= "Greece") > Elas to Kæn (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
• Elyn (= "Helena") > Elyn to plyd kalin (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word Elas to mean Elas to Kæn, while the "Old Greece" is known as Elas to Paladh.

Adjectives

Elynik adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, to, is put between the noun and the adjective. Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in -ø, and one for feminine, ending in -æ. Some adjectives:

Singular	Masculine plural	Feminine plural	Meaning	Singular	Masculine plural	Feminine plural	Meaning
iwŷdh	iwŷdhø	iwŷdhæ	good	penyr	penyrø	penyræ	bad
elyv	elvø	elvæ	happy	lur	lurø	luræ	sad
egrin	egrinø	egrinæ	tall / high	thaval	thavalø	thavalæ	short
kalin	kalinø	kalinæ	beautiful / goodlooking	ægyr	ægrø	ægræ	ugly
meal	mealø	mealæ	big / great	migrin	migrinø	migrinæ	little / small
paladh	paladhø	paladhæ	old	yvik	yvikø	yvikæ	young
thenar	thenarø	thenaræ	strong	athin	athinø	athinæ	weak
thervin	thervinø	thervina	hot	surin	surinø	surinæ	cold
fover	foverø	foveræ	terrible	plys	plysø	plysæ	near / close
tyledhin	tyledhinø	tyledhinæ	far / distant	semyk	semykø	semykæ	tired

Some usage examples:

• migrin + ælŵr > ælŵr migrin (= "(a) little cat");
• meal + to enyr > enyr to meal (= "the big man");
• semyk + to kørenyv > kørenyv to semyk (= "my tired lady").

Comparative

The higher degree comparative is usually formed with the word wa that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by y ex.:

• Andh wa kalin y dennyr > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix -wn, ex.:

• Andh kaldhwn y dennyr > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The same degree comparative is formed with the periphrasis wdhys + adjective + yfer, ex.:

• Andh wdhys kalin yfer dennyr > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The lower degree comparative is formed with the periphrasis mŷon + adjective + y, ex.:

• Andh mŷon kalin y dennyr > A flower less beautiful than a tree.

Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

Positive	Comparative	Positive	Comparative
iwŷdh	aredhwn	penyr	yswn
kalin	kaldhwn	red (= "easy")	rawn
migrin	medhwn	meal	myswn
polus (= "many/much")	pledhwn	alwyn (= "painful/agonizing")	aldhwn

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

• Ys hi aredhwn y ey - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: aredhwnø vs. aredhwnæ.

Superlative

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word plyd, that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with en (= "in") / evan (= "of"), ex.:

• Andh to plyd kalin en to kom - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix -yd:

• Andh to kalyd evan to kom - The most beautiful flower of the world.

Adjectives with an irregular superlative

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
iwŷdh	aredhwn	aryd	penyr	yswn	ykyd
kalin	kaldhwn	kalyd	red	rawn	rad
migrin	medhwn	elegyd	meal	myswn	meyd
polus	pledhwn	plyd	alwŷn	aldhwn	alwŷd

Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
paladh	wa paladh / paladhwn	plyd paladh / paladhyd
lur	wa lur / lurwn	plyd lur / luryd
egrin	wa egrin / egrinwn	plyd egrin / egrinyd
plys	wa plys / plyswn	plyd plys / plysyd

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: aryd > arydø, arydæ.

Numerals

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

Number	Cardinal	Ordinal	Number	Cardinal	Ordinal
0	wden	-	1	eis	prwdh
2	dios	deudher	3	trys	tridh
4	tethar	tethardh	5	pen	pendh
6	es	eth	7	eft	eudodh
8	oth	owodh	9	enag	enadh
10	deg	degadh	11	enneg	ennegadh
12	dydeg	dydegadh	13	trydeg	trydegadh
14	tethardeg	tethardegadh	15	penneg	pennegadh
16	eddeg	eddegadh	17	efteg	eftegadh
18	othwdeg	othwdegadh	19	enadeg	enadegadh
20	iwæn	iwæd	21	iwæn sun eis	iwæd sun prwdh
22	iwæn sun dios	iwæd sun deudher	30	iwæn-deg	iwændegadh
31	iwæn-deg sun eis	iwændegadh sun prwdh	40	diøwæn	diøwæd
50	diøwæn-deg	diøwændegadh	60	triwæn	triwæd
70	triwæn-deg	triwæn-degadh	80	tetharwæn	tetharwæd
90	tetharwæn-deg	tetharwændegadh	100	egad	egadhod

From egadh on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

Number	Cardinal	Ordinal	Number	Cardinal	Ordinal
200	diagesiø/æ	diagesiod	300	trygesiø/æ	trygesiod
400	tethragesiø/æ	tethragesiod	500	pennagesiø/æ	pennagesiod
600	esagesiø/æ	esagesiod	700	eftagesiø/æ	eftagesiod
800	othagesiø/æ	othagesiod	900	enagesiø/æ	enagesiod
1000	hiliø/æ	hiliod	2000	diahiliø/æ	diahiliod
3000	tryhiliø/æ	tryhiliod	4000	tethrahiliø/æ	tethrahiliod
5000	pennahiliø/æ	pennahiliod	6000	esahiliø/æ	esahiliod
7000	eftahiliø/æ	eftahiliod	8000	othahiliø/æ	othahiliod
10000	miriø/æ	miriod	11000	miriø/æ sun hiliø/æ	miriod sun hiliod
20000	dimiriø/æ	dimiriod	100000	egadh-hiliø	egadh-hiliod
500000	pennagesiø-hiliø	pennagesiø-hiliod	1000000	kryn	krynod
2000000	dios krynø	deudher krynod	1000000	riagryn	riagryd

Pronouns and kinds of adjectives

Personal pronouns

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: nominative, accusative, and dative.

Case	1st person
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	ew		vys
Accusative	ve		vas
Dative	vø		vin
Case	2nd person
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	hi		fy
Accusative	he		fas
Dative	hø		fyn
Case	3rd person
	Masculine s.	Feminine s.	Masculine pl.	Feminine pl.
Nominative	o	ý	ø	æ
Accusative	ton	tyn	tws	tas
Dative	tw	ty	tøs	tæs

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

• Dwn hi vø tyn - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun it is translated in Brythohellenic with ý. The feminine pronoun ý is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition y (= "than"). When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

• Dwn hi tyn bros to køren - Give it to the lady;
• Dwn hi ty to kuwn - Give her the dog.

Demonstratives

There are two demonstratives: ŷwn (= "this") and ledh (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

Person	Adverb	Demonstrative	Meaning
1st	nawdh (= here)	ŷwn	this
2nd	kys (= there)	ledh	that
3rd

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

• To ælŵr ŷwn - This cat.
• Yv ew en to øk ŷwn - I'm in this house;
• Ew erhonn e tho økø ledh - I come from those houses.

Possessives

Possessives are enclitical, so they need always that the substantive they are referred to is explicit. If they have to be used as pronouns, then they are used with the definite article:

Person	Possessive
ew	-(y)v
hi	-(y)s
o	-(y)t
ý	-(y)t
vys	-(y)n
fy	-(y)dh
ø / æ	-(y)th

Here are some examples:

• To ælŵryv > Tov - My cat > Mine;
• To kuwns > Tos - Your dog > Yours;
• To gunyst > Tot - His wife > His;
• To enyrt > Tot - Her man > Hers;
• To thyrn > Ton - Our animal > Ours;
• To fildh > Todh - Your friend > Yours;
• To kalenth > Toth - Their heart > Theirs.

Plural:

• To ælŵrøv > Tof - My cats > Mine;
• To kunøs > Tos - Your dogs > Yours;
• To gunæt > Tot - His wifes > His;
• To annyrt > Tot - Her men > Hers;
• To thyrasyn > Ton - Our animals > Ours;
• To filødh > Todh - Your friends > Yours;
• To kalenæth > Toth - Their hearts > Theirs.

In the "possessive form" of a noun, the accent doesn't shift.

Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

Case	Tis (who)	Ti (what)
Nominative	tis	ti
Accusative	ten	ti
Dative	ty	ty
Genitive	twn	twn

Ex.:

• Tis ys o? - Who is he?
• Tis kalin kuwn! - What a beautiful dog!
• Twn ys to bivyl ŷwn? - Whose is this book?
• Ty elegas tyn? - Whom have you said it to?
• To egyn ys to gunys ten ew avonn - That is the woman whom I love.

Indefinites

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

Indefinite	Meaning
wddis	someone/anyone
eddi	something/anything
mydys	nobody
myden	nothing
olen	each
pan	all
edder	other
ofodd	same, self

When pan is used as adjective, it has the singular form pas and the plural forms panas for masculine and pasae for feminine. Also edder has got plural: edderoe for masculine and edderae for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word alen:

• To alenoe/ae - The others;
• Ys hi krysonn eddi alen? - Do you need something else?
• Ys ỳ gnokonn wddis alen? - Does she know someone else?

Adverbs

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix -ews is added. Some examples:

• elyf > elfews (happy - happily);
• lur > lurews (sad - sadly);
• meal > mealews (great - greatly);
• thenar > thenarews (strong - strongly);
• athin > athinews (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: iwydd > eu; penyr > ffawl.

Adverbs have got a precis position within the sentence:

• 1) adverbs always follow subject when in the sentence there is only the verb ynyn (= to be), ex.: yf ew mal elyf (= "I am very happy");
• 2) adverbs always follow the semantic verb, when it appears, ex.: ys ỳ dagrwonn thenarews (= "She cries strongly");
• 3) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: ys o elion lur (= "He's a little sad").

Vocabulary

Colour terms

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except white, black and red, colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people. There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as klŵr (= "green"), porhur (= "purple-red"), arwirin (= "silver") or hegin (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.

Colour terms
Source	Brythohellenic	English
μέλαινα (Ancient Greek)	melaen	black
κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin)	kelaen; ffwrg	dark, obscure
λαμπρός (Ancient Greek)	lemyr	light, pale, fair
lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish)	liwys	grey
gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish)	gwyn	white
φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh)	ffaeglur	bright, lucid
rudhvelyn (Cornish), "orange"	felin	orange
ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish)	ruddyr	red
πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek)	porhur	purple-red
gwaed (Welsh), "blood"	gwaedin	burgundy
crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)"	krilysin	violet, purple
ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India"	ynnik	indigo
χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass"	klŵr; gwylsin	green
ebron (Cornish), "sky"	brenin	light blue, cyan
θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea"	thalesin	dark blue
mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey"	mylin	yellow
dur (Cornish), "earth"	durin	brown
χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold";	krusin; ŵrin	golden
rosen (Cornish), "rose"	resin	pink
ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star"	arwirin; ytrin	silver
χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze"	helgin; yfyddin	bronze-coloured

Fruit and vegetables

Fruit and vegetables
Source	Brythohellenic	English
μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple"	myl	red apple
afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple"	afal	yellow apple, generic apple
κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince"	kudwn	green apple
στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop"	talamadd	grape
citreum (Latin), "lemon"	siddyr	lemon
χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple"	krumyl	orange
هلو (Persian), "peach"	heulf	peach
ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive"	eladd	olive
لیموترش (Persian), "lemon"	lamewtyr	lime
κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry"	seres	cherry
ruber (Latin), "bright red"	rywyr	watermelon
αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber"	onwyr (pl. onwŷr-)	cucumber
انجیر (Persian), "fig"	neyar	fig
ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple"	nanas	pineapple
sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry"	syfyn	strawberry
νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"	nithwyrn	blueberry
du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry"	duwyrn	blackberry
tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato"	tofydd	tomato
mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize"	mehys	maize
موز (Persian), "banana"	mews	banana
زردآلو (Persian), "apricot"	serdel	apricot
προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum"	brwn	plum
قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee"	hewyff	coffee
茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea"	sea (pl. seae)	tea
xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate"	segolydd	cacao (beans)
باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant"	badynyn	eggplant
cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette"	kurfedd	courgette