Minhast: Difference between revisions

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Upper Minhast, which consists of several dialects in the northern highlands, encompasses the Northern Coast, Northeastern Mountain Coastal Range (''Gaššarat'', lit. "basalt"), the Kilmay Rī Mountain Range, the Central Plateau ''(Kammak min Nukya)'', and the the Great Plains (''Hamhāmarū'' , lit. "The Great Clearing of the Grasses"). Lower Minhast traditionally has been the branch containing the dialects south of the tribal territories (''karak'') of the Dog, Salmon and Horse Speakers. The ''uyyi min kirim'', lit. "The (way) of saying the (sequence) ''-uyyi''" is the primary test in determining which branch a given dialect should be grouped under, although other tests may be employed as well, such as the frequency of loanwords from the unrelated minority languages Peshpeg and Golahat, and a recently discovered, extinct language called Corradi; the dialects of the Upper Minhast branch have virtually no loanwords from these languages, whereas the dialects of Lower Minhast branch have such loans in varying degrees. The Palatization Test is also used to classify dialects: the dialects from the Lower Minhast branch palatize /t/ and /d/ to ~~/t͡s/~~ and /d͡ʒ/ when followed by /j/, /ia͡/ or /ie͡/, a feature lacking in the dialects of the Upper Minhast branch.

Upper Minhast, which consists of several dialects in the northern highlands, encompasses the Northern Coast, Northeastern Mountain Coastal Range (''Gaššarat'', lit. "basalt"), the Kilmay Rī Mountain Range, the Central Plateau ''(Kammak min Nukya)'', and the the Great Plains (''Hamhāmarū'' , lit. "The Great Clearing of the Grasses"). Lower Minhast traditionally has been the branch containing the dialects south of the tribal territories (''karak'') of the Dog, Salmon and Horse Speakers. The ''uyyi min kirim'', lit. "The (way) of saying the (sequence) ''-uyyi''" is the primary test in determining which branch a given dialect should be grouped under, although other tests may be employed as well, such as the frequency of loanwords from the unrelated minority languages Peshpeg and Golahat, and a recently discovered, extinct language called Corradi; the dialects of the Upper Minhast branch have virtually no loanwords from these languages, whereas the dialects of Lower Minhast branch have such loans in varying degrees. The Palatization Test is also used to classify dialects: the dialects from the Lower Minhast branch palatize /t/ and /d/ to [t͡š] and [d͡ʒ] when followed by /j/, /ia͡/ or /ie͡/, a feature lacking in the dialects of the Upper Minhast branch.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"

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Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog and Salmon Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass;

Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-~~arb~~-''/''-rb-'';

Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-rb-''/''-rēb-'';

''Asr̥''-type sandhi: word-final ~~V +~~ /z/ mutates to ~~V +~~ /~~sr̥~~/ ;

''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final /sr̥/ mutates to /z/

Nominalizer ''-ru'' for deriving locative nouns from verb stems developed (or was adopted from a substrate language) - this suffix is found in no other dialect;

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Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';

~~Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive~~

|-

! Stone Speaker

| Sakkeb, Neskud,Yaxparim, Izgilbāš, Zurzugul, Higbilan, Narpaz Prefectures

| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ia''~~, ''-ie'';~~

| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ī''

Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient;

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Development of allophone [o] from /u/ in CVCC syllables or in word-final position;

~~Replacement~~ of /a:wa/ by /o/;

Merger of /a:wa/ to /o/;

Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/;

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 }}
-Upper Minhast, which consists of several dialects in the northern highlands, encompasses the Northern Coast, Northeastern Mountain Coastal Range (''Gaššarat'', lit. "basalt"), the Kilmay Rī Mountain Range, the Central Plateau ''(Kammak min Nukya)'', and the the Great Plains (''Hamhāmarū'' , lit. "The Great Clearing of the Grasses").  Lower Minhast traditionally has been the branch containing the dialects south of the tribal territories (''karak'') of the Dog, Salmon and Horse Speakers.  The ''uyyi min kirim'', lit. "The (way) of saying the (sequence) ''-uyyi''" is the primary test in determining which branch a given dialect should be grouped under, although other tests may be employed as well, such as the frequency of loanwords from the unrelated minority languages Peshpeg and Golahat, and a recently discovered, extinct language called Corradi; the dialects of the Upper Minhast branch have virtually no loanwords from these languages, whereas the dialects of Lower Minhast branch have such loans in varying degrees.  The Palatization Test is also used to classify dialects: the dialects from the Lower Minhast branch palatize /t/ and /d/ to /t͡s/ and /d͡ʒ/ when followed by /j/, /ia͡/ or /ie͡/, a feature lacking in the dialects of the Upper Minhast branch.
+Upper Minhast, which consists of several dialects in the northern highlands, encompasses the Northern Coast, Northeastern Mountain Coastal Range (''Gaššarat'', lit. "basalt"), the Kilmay Rī Mountain Range, the Central Plateau ''(Kammak min Nukya)'', and the the Great Plains (''Hamhāmarū'' , lit. "The Great Clearing of the Grasses").  Lower Minhast traditionally has been the branch containing the dialects south of the tribal territories (''karak'') of the Dog, Salmon and Horse Speakers.  The ''uyyi min kirim'', lit. "The (way) of saying the (sequence) ''-uyyi''" is the primary test in determining which branch a given dialect should be grouped under, although other tests may be employed as well, such as the frequency of loanwords from the unrelated minority languages Peshpeg and Golahat, and a recently discovered, extinct language called Corradi; the dialects of the Upper Minhast branch have virtually no loanwords from these languages, whereas the dialects of Lower Minhast branch have such loans in varying degrees.  The Palatization Test is also used to classify dialects: the dialects from the Lower Minhast branch palatize /t/ and /d/ to [t͡š] and [d͡ʒ] when followed by /j/, /ia͡/ or /ie͡/, a feature lacking in the dialects of the Upper Minhast branch.
 {| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
@@ Line 143: / Line 143: @@
 Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog and Salmon Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass;
-Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';
+Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-rb-''/''-rēb-'';
-''Asr̥''-type sandhi: word-final V + /z/ mutates to V + /sr̥/ ;
+''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final  /sr̥/  mutates to /z/
 Nominalizer ''-ru'' for deriving locative nouns from verb stems developed (or was adopted from a substrate language) - this suffix is found in no other dialect;
@@ Line 167: / Line 167: @@
 Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';
-Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive
 |-
 ! Stone Speaker
 | Sakkeb, Neskud,Yaxparim, Izgilbāš, Zurzugul, Higbilan, Narpaz Prefectures
-| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ia'', ''-ie'';
+| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ī''
 Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient;
@@ Line 179: / Line 178: @@
 Development of allophone [o] from /u/ in CVCC syllables or in word-final position;
-Replacement of /a:wa/ by /o/;
+Merger of /a:wa/ to /o/;
 Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/;