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Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
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The Chlouvānem verb (''daradhūs'', pl. ''daradhūvī'') is the most inflected part of speech; its most basic forms are fusional, but many more specific formations are more agglutinative due to their origin from old Proto-Lahob particles or participles. | The Chlouvānem verb (''daradhūs'', pl. ''daradhūvī'') is the most inflected part of speech; its most basic forms are fusional, but many more specific formations are more agglutinative due to their origin from old Proto-Lahob particles or participles. | ||
The first and most important division we can find in Chlouvānem verbs is the distinction between '''exterior '''(''kauyāva'') and '''interior '''(''nañyāva'') verbs. This may at first seem a voice system, but it must be distinguished from the true voices in Chlouvānem conjugation. The difference between them is mostly lexical: native grammarians distinguish exterior verbs as describing "activities or states that involve interactions with outside the self", and interior verbs as affecting principally the self. Exterior verbs are those we could most easily compare to active verbs in English, while interior verbs are a somewhat "catch-all" category including many distinct meanings, most notably middle-voice, reflexive and reciprocal ones but also all adjectival verbs as well as peculiar and somewhat independent meanings for some verbs. | The first and most important division we can find in Chlouvānem verbs is the distinction between '''exterior '''(''kauyāva'') and '''interior''' (''nañyāva'') verbs. This may at first seem a voice system, but it must be distinguished from the true voices in Chlouvānem conjugation. The difference between them is mostly lexical: native grammarians distinguish exterior verbs as describing "activities or states that involve interactions with outside the self", and interior verbs as affecting principally the self. Exterior verbs are those we could most easily compare to active verbs in English, while interior verbs are a somewhat "catch-all" category including many distinct meanings, most notably middle-voice, reflexive and reciprocal ones, but also all adjectival verbs as well as peculiar and somewhat independent meanings for some verbs. Many verbs can be conjugated both as exterior and as interior and they often have differences in meaning - e.g. ''gṇyauke ''means “to give birth” when exterior and “to be born” when interior. | ||
Potentially every Chlouvānem verb, no matter if exterior or interior, has a '''causative''' conjugation which is considered an inflection and not a derivation, even if the meanings may vary: ''mišake'' is an extreme example as each form has a different meaning (with particularly interior forms having many meanings) - non-causative exterior ''mešu'' "I am seen", interior ''meširu'' "I know; I see myself"; and causative exterior ''maišaxhā'' "I am shown", interior ''maiširxhā'' "I learn; I show myself <small>(trans.)</small>". | Potentially every Chlouvānem verb, no matter if exterior or interior, has a '''causative''' conjugation which is considered an inflection and not a derivation, even if the meanings may vary: ''mišake'' is an extreme example as each form has a different meaning (with particularly interior forms having many meanings) - non-causative exterior ''mešu'' "I am seen", interior ''meširu'' "I know; I see myself"; and causative exterior ''maišaxhā'' "I am shown", interior ''maiširxhā'' "I learn; I show myself <small>(trans.)</small>". | ||
Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for seven '''voices''', each one putting one of | Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for seven '''voices''', each one putting one of seven different core elements as the ''direct-case argument'', usually for means of topicalization or definiteness; they reflect the Austronesian-type morphosyntactical alignment of the language. The seven voices are, for exterior verbs: | ||
* '''patient-trigger '''or ''patientive ''(unmarked); | * '''patient-trigger '''or ''patientive ''(unmarked); | ||
* '''agent-trigger '''or ''agentive'' (transitive and ditransitive verbs only); | * '''agent-trigger '''or ''agentive'' (transitive and ditransitive verbs only); | ||
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Interior verbs only have six voices, as they do not have an agentive voice; the patientive, unmarked voice, is here called '''common voice'''. | Interior verbs only have six voices, as they do not have an agentive voice; the patientive, unmarked voice, is here called '''common voice'''. | ||
Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for | Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for four different '''tense-aspect combinations''' (simply ''tenses''): the '''present''' and '''future''', both imperfective, and '''aorist''' and '''perfect''', both perfective; other distinctions may be built periphrastically (most notably ''imperfect'', ''pluperfect'' and ''future perfect''). Tenses are the “basic unit” verbs conjugate in: all tenses conjugate for nine persons (1st-2nd-3rd in singular, dual and plural; note though that 3rd singular and 3rd plural are identical in the perfect). Note that some moods do only distinguish between imperfective and perfective aspect. | ||
Some pronouns [[Chlouvānem#Personal pronouns|have a clitic form]] in accusative and ergative case which may be added to specify other arguments - e.g. ''mešėça'' "he sees" + ''-æl'' (clitic 1sg acc.) > ''mešėçæl'' "he sees me" - equivalent to ''læl mešėça''. | Some pronouns [[Chlouvānem#Personal pronouns|have a clitic form]] in accusative and ergative case which may be added to specify other arguments - e.g. ''mešėça'' "he sees" + ''-æl'' (clitic 1sg acc.) > ''mešėçæl'' "he sees me" - equivalent to ''læl mešėça''. | ||
However, the most complex part of | However, the most complex part of Chlouvānem verbs is the '''mood'''. Chlouvānem is particularly mood-heavy and its concept of mood is quite broad, conjugating verbs in what are called '''primary moods '''and '''secondary moods'''; a single verb form may have a single primary mood but up to two secondary moods. | ||
The ten primary moods are: | The ten primary moods are: | ||
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* '''interrogative''', used for questions; | * '''interrogative''', used for questions; | ||
* two '''consequential moods''': one expressing ''cause'' (e.g. “because X”), the other ''opposition'' (e.g. “although X”). | * two '''consequential moods''': one expressing ''cause'' (e.g. “because X”), the other ''opposition'' (e.g. “although X”). | ||
Chlouvānem verbs also | Chlouvānem verbs also have a '''non-finite form '''(the '''-ke''' form, called '''infinitive''' hereafter) as well as a large number of '''attributive''' and '''adverbial participles''', with forms for most voices and tenses and a distinction into '''modal adverbs''', '''homofocal gerundives''' and '''heterofocal gerundives'''. | ||
===Verb classes and infinitive=== | ===Verb classes and infinitive=== | ||