Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

Line 469:

===Imperative===

====Regular====

The imperative is a defective paradigm, lacking all dual forms; it is formed from the bare root, so it is formed in the same way for all verbs.

The imperative is a defective paradigm, lacking all dual forms; it is formed from the bare root, so it is formed in the same way for all verbs. Unlike all other terminations, there are separate agentive and patientive ones (note that agentive ones begin with '''-ь''' and not ''-y''.

Note that, due to the politeness system of Chlouvānem, the imperative is somewhat rare, as other methods are used. The first person imperative is an exception, being often used with the meaning “I/we must”.

Line 475:

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Person !! nāmvake "to crush, press” (exterior) !! dældake “to speak” (interior)

! Person !! nāmvake "to crush, press” (exterior) (patientive) !! nāmvake "to crush, press” (exterior) (agentive) !! dældake “to speak” (interior)

|-

| 1SG || nāmv'''ikṣam''' || dæld'''~~ikuru~~'''

| 1SG || nāmv'''ikṣam''' || nāmv'''yasti''' || dæld'''irkam'''

|-

| 2SG || nāmv'''~~ikṣa~~''' || dæld'''~~ikuh~~'''

| 2SG || nāmv'''eik''' || nāmv'''a''' || dæld'''ir'''

|-

| 3SG || nāmv'''~~ikṣai~~''' || dæld'''~~ikurė~~'''

| 3SG || nāmv'''eitte''' || nāmv'''ya''' || dæld'''irda'''

|-

| 1DU || — || —

| 1DU || — || — || —

|-

| 2DU || — || —

| 2DU || — || — || —

|-

| 3DU || — || —

| 3DU || — || — || —

|-

| 1PL || nāmv'''ikṣumi''' || dæld'''~~ikurum~~'''

| 1PL || nāmv'''ikṣumi''' || nāmv'''yasmi''' || dæld'''irkumi'''

|-

| 2PL || nāmv'''~~ikṣus~~''' || dæld'''~~ikurus~~'''

| 2PL || nāmv'''eikus''' || nāmv'''yęs''' || dæld'''irkus'''

|-

| 3PL || nāmv'''~~ikṣat~~''' || dæld'''~~ikurat~~'''

| 3PL || nāmv'''eicąt''' || nāmv'''yęt''' || dæld'''ircąt'''

|}

Line 501:

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Person !! nāmvake "to make crush, press" (exterior) !! mišake "to learn; to show each other" (interior)

! Person !! nāmvake "to make crush, press" (exterior) (patientive) !! nāmvake "to make crush, press" (exterior) (agentive) !! mišake "to learn; to show each other" (interior)

|-

| 1SG || nāmv'''axhiṣam''' || maiš'''~~axhiuru~~'''

| 1SG || nāmv'''axhiṣam''' || nāmv'''axhisti''' || maiš'''axhirkam'''

|-

| 2SG || nāmv'''~~axhiṣa~~''' || maiš'''~~axhiuh~~'''

| 2SG || nāmv'''axheik''' || nāmv'''axhia''' || maiš'''axhih'''

|-

| 3SG || nāmv'''axhiṣai''' || maiš'''~~axhiurė~~'''

| 3SG || nāmv'''axhiṣai''' || nāmv'''axhit''' || maiš'''axhirda'''

|-

| 1DU || — || —

| 1DU || — || — || —

|-

| 2DU || — || —

| 2DU || — || — || —

|-

| 3DU || — || —

| 3DU || — || — || —

|-

| 1PL || nāmv'''~~axhiṣumi~~''' || maiš'''axhiurum'''

| 1PL || nāmv'''axhiṣmi''' || nāmv'''axhismi''' || maiš'''axhiurum'''

|-

| 2PL || nāmv'''axhiṣus''' || maiš'''axhiurus'''

| 2PL || nāmv'''axhiṣus''' || nāmv'''axhięs''' || maiš'''axhiurus'''

|-

| 3PL || nāmv'''axhiṣat''' || maiš'''axhiurat'''

| 3PL || nāmv'''axhiṣat''' || nāmv'''axhięt''' || maiš'''axhiurat'''

|}

~~====Agent imperative====~~

As the bare imperative is patientive, apart from the normal agentive form (e.g. ''nāmvikṣaça!'' "crush!"), there is a "reduced" agentive form, invariable for person. This is formed starting from the infinitive and adding the following endings (actually the conjugation of an older verb from Proto-Lahob *kij- "to result, to end up being"):

* '''-i̯yė''' for normal exterior (''nāmvakeiyė!'' "crush!")

* '''-i̯re''' for normal interior (''dældakeire!'' "speak!")

* '''-i̯xhāt''' for causative exterior (''nāmvakeixhāt!'' "make it crush!")

* '''-i̯raxhāt''' for causative interior (''mišakeiraxhāt!'' "learn!")

~~The causative forms are sometimes found with ''-yixhāt'' and ''-yiraxhāt'' (e.g. ''nāmvakeyixhāt'', ''mišakeyiraxhāt'') in very old preclassical texts.~~

===Past Indicative===

@@ Line 469: / Line 469: @@
 ===Imperative===
 ====Regular====
-The imperative is a defective paradigm, lacking all dual forms; it is formed from the bare root, so it is formed in the same way for all verbs.
+The imperative is a defective paradigm, lacking all dual forms; it is formed from the bare root, so it is formed in the same way for all verbs. Unlike all other terminations, there are separate agentive and patientive ones (note that agentive ones begin with '''-ь''' and not ''-y''.
 Note that, due to the politeness system of Chlouvānem, the imperative is somewhat rare, as other methods are used. The first person imperative is an exception, being often used with the meaning “I/we must”.
@@ Line 475: / Line 475: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
-! Person !! nāmvake "to crush, press”<br/>(exterior) !! dældake “to speak”<br/>(interior)
+! Person !! nāmvake "to crush, press”<br/>(exterior) (patientive) !!  nāmvake "to crush, press”<br/>(exterior) (agentive) !! dældake “to speak”<br/>(interior)
 |-
-| 1SG || nāmv'''ikṣam''' || dæld'''ikuru'''
+| 1SG || nāmv'''ikṣam''' || nāmv'''yasti''' || dæld'''irkam'''
 |-
-| 2SG || nāmv'''ikṣa''' || dæld'''ikuh'''
+| 2SG || nāmv'''eik''' || nāmv'''a''' || dæld'''ir'''
 |-
-| 3SG || nāmv'''ikṣai''' || dæld'''ikurė'''
+| 3SG || nāmv'''eitte''' || nāmv'''ya''' || dæld'''irda'''
 |-
-| 1DU || — || —
+| 1DU || — || — || —
 |-
-| 2DU || — || —
+| 2DU || — || — || —
 |-
-| 3DU || — || —
+| 3DU || — || — || —
 |-
-| 1PL || nāmv'''ikṣumi''' || dæld'''ikurum'''
+| 1PL || nāmv'''ikṣumi''' || nāmv'''yasmi''' || dæld'''irkumi'''
 |-
-| 2PL || nāmv'''ikṣus''' || dæld'''ikurus'''
+| 2PL || nāmv'''eikus''' || nāmv'''yęs''' || dæld'''irkus'''
 |-
-| 3PL || nāmv'''ikṣat''' || dæld'''ikurat'''
+| 3PL || nāmv'''eicąt''' || nāmv'''yęt''' || dæld'''ircąt'''
 |}
@@ Line 501: / Line 501: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
-! Person !! nāmvake "to make crush, press"<br/>(exterior) !! mišake "to learn; to show each other"<br/>(interior)
+! Person !! nāmvake "to make crush, press"<br/>(exterior) (patientive) !! nāmvake "to make crush, press"<br/>(exterior) (agentive) !! mišake "to learn; to show each other"<br/>(interior)
 |-
-| 1SG || nāmv'''axhiṣam''' || maiš'''axhiuru'''
+| 1SG || nāmv'''axhiṣam''' || nāmv'''axhisti''' || maiš'''axhirkam'''
 |-
-| 2SG || nāmv'''axhiṣa''' || maiš'''axhiuh'''
+| 2SG || nāmv'''axheik''' || nāmv'''axhia''' || maiš'''axhih'''
 |-
-| 3SG || nāmv'''axhiṣai''' || maiš'''axhiurė'''
+| 3SG || nāmv'''axhiṣai''' || nāmv'''axhit''' || maiš'''axhirda'''
 |-
-| 1DU || — || —
+| 1DU || — || — || —
 |-
-| 2DU || — || —
+| 2DU || — || — || —
 |-
-| 3DU || — || —
+| 3DU || — || — || —
 |-
-| 1PL || nāmv'''axhiṣumi''' || maiš'''axhiurum'''
+| 1PL || nāmv'''axhiṣmi''' || nāmv'''axhismi''' || maiš'''axhiurum'''
 |-
-| 2PL || nāmv'''axhiṣus''' || maiš'''axhiurus'''
+| 2PL || nāmv'''axhiṣus''' || nāmv'''axhięs''' || maiš'''axhiurus'''
 |-
-| 3PL || nāmv'''axhiṣat''' || maiš'''axhiurat'''
+| 3PL || nāmv'''axhiṣat''' || nāmv'''axhięt''' || maiš'''axhiurat'''
 |}
-====Agent imperative====
-As the bare imperative is patientive, apart from the normal agentive form (e.g. ''nāmvikṣaça!'' "crush!"), there is a "reduced" agentive form, invariable for person. This is formed starting from the infinitive and adding the following endings (actually the conjugation of an older verb from Proto-Lahob *kij- "to result, to end up being"):
-* '''-i̯yė''' for normal exterior (''nāmvakeiyė!'' "crush!")
-* '''-i̯re''' for normal interior (''dældakeire!'' "speak!")
-* '''-i̯xhāt''' for causative exterior (''nāmvakeixhāt!'' "make it crush!")
-* '''-i̯raxhāt''' for causative interior (''mišakeiraxhāt!'' "learn!")
-The causative forms are sometimes found with ''-yixhāt'' and ''-yiraxhāt'' (e.g. ''nāmvakeyixhāt'', ''mišakeyiraxhāt'') in very old preclassical texts.
 ===Past Indicative===