Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench

Venetian Hebrew (ngiwrith /ˈɲiwriθ/) is a basilect of Hebrew spoken in Lõis's Northern Italy, Austria and Southern Germany. The phonology is similar to Allemañisch.

Numbers: 0-10: afs, ódh (m)/áth (f), stay, hlusz, arbøng, homisz, szesz, szew, hmun, teszøng, ngaxør

11-20: ódh/áth ngaxør, hnay/stay ngaxør, xusz ngaxør, arbøng ngaxør, homisz ngaxør, szesz ngaxør, szew ngaxør, hmun ngaxør, teszøŋ ngaxør, ngaxre

40: stay ngaxre

60: xusz ngaxre

...

120: merkø

14400: rúø

Phonology

Consonants

/m pʰ b f w n tʰ t˭ d θ ð ts s z ɬ ʂ j ŋ kʰ k˭ g x h l r/ ⟨m p b f w n t tt d th dh ts s z x sz y ng k kk g kh h l r⟩

Allophonic palatalization occurs before /ɛ/, /i/ or /j/. /ŋ kʰ k˭ g x/ palatalize to alveolopalatals /ɲ tɕʰ tɕ˭ dʑ ɕ/.

Mutations

Words can undergo initial lenition, as in Irish and Tiberian Hebrew:

p- b- t- d- k- g- > f- w- th- dh- kh- Ø-

"Already lenited" consonants lenite as follows: f w th dh kh Ø > nf, nw, nth, ndh, nkh, n

Vowels

/a ɛ i ɔ u ə a: ɛ: i: ɔ: u: ə:/ = ⟨a e i o u ø á é í ó ú ǿ⟩

Word-final /i/ is silent and palatalizes the preceding consonant.

Prosody

Stress

Stress is always penultimate.

Morphology

Nouns and adjectives

Nouns are either masculine or feminine, and inflect for number. Adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number.

• The regular feminine singular suffix is -ø or -th.
• The regular masculine plural suffix is -i after consonants and -yø after vowels.
• The regular feminine plural is -uth.

køfor, køfori (m) = village, villages

bagbøg, bagbøgi (m) = bottle, bottles

i, iyø (m) = island, islands

kkiszø, kkiszøyø (m) = squash, squashes

gøfø, gøfuth (f) = corpse, corpses

tagrith, tagriyuth (f) = incident, incidents

Verbs

Clauses take the form of inflected pronoun + preposition/aspect marker + verbal noun.

Copula

Inflection of the copula (Present tense)

→ Person ↓ Truth value	1sg	2sg.m	2sg.f	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl.in	2pl	3pl
Affirmative	ni	to	te	u	i	nan	ti	em
Interrogative	ini	intø	inte	imu	imi	inan	inti	iyum
Negative	eni	ekhø	ekh	enu	enø	enen	ekhi	enøm

Syntax

Noun phrase

The definite article is a clitic:

• Singular: -az (after C) or -zø (after V)
• Plural: -il

Examples:

• hadhør = a room
• hadhraz = the room
• hadhri = rooms
• hadhril = the rooms
• hadhør grul = a big room
• hadhør grulaz = the big room (< ha hadheor ha godhowl ha ze)
• boti gruli = big houses
• boti grulil = the big houses

Verb phrase

Isz li rangu "I'm hungry"

Example texts

UDHR, Article 1

Kol bnenuszil kkú ledhø kø wnehuri, hem szowi ngar kúdhaz am skhøyuthil. Kkú hangnokkø bø thwønø am matspøn, ken ngalem hithnághuth ódh lø hni bø nszomø ahwø.

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Tower of Babel

1. Ke bø khol ngulømaz yo áth xofø am uthøm miluthil.