Eta-Talmic

Proto-Talmic is the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Tíogall, Nurian, Roshterian, ...).

Diachronics

Some sound changes from Proto-Quihum:

• Early rhotacization: lʼ, nʼ, yʼ > r
• Ejectives become voiced stops:
  • cʼ z > z
  • ƛʼ λ > ɮ
  • qʼ qʷʼ > ɢ ɢʷ > ʁ ʁʷ
• xʷ > w word initially before a vowel
• ƛ > t
• Late rhotacization: z > r (s in unvoiced environments)
• lenition of p > φ
• Cluster simplifications
• tk, tq > rk, rq

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Labiovelar	Uvular	Labiouvular	Glottal
Nasal		*m	*n
Plosive	voiceless		*t			*k	*kʷ	*q	*qʷ
	voiced	*b	*d			*g	*gʷ
Fricative	voiceless	*ɸ	*s	*ɬ						*h
	voiced			*ɮ				*ʁ	*ʁʷ
Resonant			*r	*l	*j		*w

Vowels

a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui əi aw ew iw ow əw

Thensarian reflexes

PTal reflexes in bold

• *a > o > o
• *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā > ā
• *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō > ō
• *ə > e > e
• *i > i > i
• *u > u > u
• *ay > oi > ȳ
• *əy > ai > ae
• *iy > ei > ē
• *uy > ui > ui
• *iʔ, ix > ī > ī
• *aw > ou > ao
• *əw > eu > iō
• *iw > iu > iū
• *uʔ, ux, uxʷ > ū > ū
• *uw > ou > ao
• *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca > Ca
• *Cxʷ > Co > Co
• *Cx > Cə > Cy
• *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē > ē
• *ux̌, x̌u > ō > ō
• *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > au > ao
• *ixʷ, ix̌ʷ > eu > iō
• *ux̌ʷ > ō > ō
• *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > ija > iā
• *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eja > eā
• *iy(ə)x > ije > iē

Morphology

Verbs

TAM + subject markers

Present indicative

Person	baisman "I swim" (vowel stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	*baisman	*kaφsən
2SG	*baismar	*kaφsər
3SG.M	*baismam	*kaφsəm
3SG.F	*baismasim	*kaφsəsim
3SG.N	*baisma	*kaφs
1EX	*baismamē	*kaφsmē
1IN	*baismant	*kaφsənt
2PL	*baismaske	*kaφsəske
3PL	*baismat	*kaφsət

Preterite indicative

Person	baisman "I swim" (vowel stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	*baismannem	*keφsənnem
2SG	*baismarəd	*keφsrəd
3SG.M	*baismasəm	*keφsəsəm
3SG.F	*baismast	*keφsəst
3SG.N	*baismaso	*keφso
1EX	*baismamer	*keφsəmer
1IN	*baismanter	*keφsənter
2PL	*baismasker	*keφsəsker
3PL	*baismater	*keφsəter

Subjunctive

Person	baisman "I swim" (vowel stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	*baismanai	*kaφsnai
2SG	*baismarai	*kaφsrai
3SG.M	*baismamewr	*kaφsmewr
3SG.F	*baismasewr	*kaφsəsewr
3SG.N	*baismawr	*kaφsəwr
1EX	*baismamai	*kaφsmai
1IN	*baismantai	*kaφsəntai
2PL	*baismaskai	*kaφsəskai
3PL	*kaismatewr	*kaφsətewr

Imperative

Person	baisman "I swim" (vowel-stem)	kaφsən "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	*baismā!	*kaφsə!
1IN	*baismantē!	*kaφsəntē!
2PL	*baismaskē!	*kaφsəskē!

Syntax

• *-is = emphatic particle