Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions

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====Feminine nouns====
====Feminine nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''gondā'' 'body'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''gondā'' || ''gegondā'' || ''gondār''
|-
! Definite
| ''gondām'' || ''gegondām'' || ''gondās''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''gondā'' - 'body'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''gondāt''||''gondāsat''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''gondaen''||''gondannan''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''gondaessi''||''gondannassi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''gondaessy''||''gondannassy''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''gondae''||''gondanny''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''gondaeī''||''gondannī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''gondaea''||''gondanna''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''gondaemmo''||''gondannammo''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''gondaent''||''gondannynt''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''gondaecca''||''gondannecca''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''gondaeōr''||''gondannōr''
|}


====Neuter nouns====
====Neuter nouns====

Revision as of 08:21, 26 February 2017

Proto-Talmic is a descendant of Proto-Quihum and the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Tíogall, Nurian, Roshterian, ...). It was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers.

Diachronics

Some sound changes from Proto-Quihum:

  • Early rhotacization: lʼ, nʼ, yʼ > r
  • Ejectives become voiced stops:
    • cʼ z > z
    • ƛʼ λ > ɮ
    • qʼ qʷʼ > ɢ ɢʷ > ʁ ʁʷ
  • xʷ > w word initially before a vowel
  • ƛ > t
  • Late rhotacization: z > r (s in unvoiced environments)
  • lenition of p > φ
  • Cluster simplifications
  • tk, tq > rk, rq

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
Labial Alveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular Labiouvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *d *g *gʷ
Fricative voiceless *ɸ *s *ɬ *h
voiced *ɮ *ʁ *ʁʷ
Resonant *r *l *j *w

Vowels

a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui əi aw ew iw ow əw

Thensarian reflexes

PTal reflexes in bold

  • *a > o > o
  • *ax̌, əx̌, ax̌ʷ > ā > ā
  • *aʔ, əx̌ʷ > ō > ō
  • *ə > e > e
  • *i > i > i
  • *u > u > u
  • *ay > oi > ȳ
  • *əy > ai > ae
  • *iy > ei > ē
  • *uy > ui > ui
  • *iʔ, ix > ī > ī
  • *aw > ow > ao
  • *əw > ew > iō
  • *iw > iw > iū
  • *uʔ, ux, uxʷ > ū > ū
  • *uw > ou > ao
  • *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca > Ca
  • *Cxʷ > Co > Co
  • *Cx > Cə > Cy
  • *əʔ, əx, ix̌ > ē > ē
  • *ux̌, x̌u > ō > ō
  • *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > aw > ao
  • *ixʷ, ix̌ʷ > ew > iō
  • *ux̌ʷ > ō > ō
  • *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > ija > iā
  • *əyx̌, əyx̌ʷ > eja > eā
  • *iy(ə)x > ije > iē

Morphology

Nouns and adjectives

Masculine nouns

Feminine nouns

gondā 'body'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite gondā gegondā gondār
Definite gondām gegondām gondās


Possessed forms of gondā - 'body'
Number→
State↓ 		Singulative Plurative
Construct gondāt gondāsat
1sg possessor gondaen gondannan
2sg.m possessor gondaessi gondannassi
2sg.f possessor gondaessy gondannassy
3sg.m possessor gondae gondanny
3sg.f possessor gondaeī gondannī
3sg.n possessor gondaea gondanna
1exc possessor gondaemmo gondannammo
1inc possessor gondaent gondannynt
2pl possessor gondaecca gondannecca
3pl possessor gondaeōr gondannōr

Neuter nouns

tektəs 'child'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite tektəs tetektəs tektəen
Definite tektəes tetektəes tektəer


Possessed forms of tektəs - 'child'
Number→
State↓ 		Singulative Plurative
Construct tektət tektəerət
1sg possessor tektən tektəerən
2sg.m possessor tektəssi tektəerəssi
2sg.f possessor tektəssiu tektəerəssiu
3sg.m possessor tektiu tektəeriu
3sg.f possessor tektī tektəerī
3sg.n possessor tektəta tektəerta
1exc possessor tektəsmo tektəersmo
1inc possessor tektəswi tektəerswi
2pl possessor tektəka tektəerka
3pl possessor tektōr tektəerōr


jenaqs 'water' (n.)
Singulative Collective
Indefinite jenaqs jenenaqs
Definite jenaqes jenenaqes


stuφs 'fire' (n.)
Singulative Collective
Indefinite stuφs stetuφs
Definite stuφes stetuφes

Verbs

Object markers

Object affixes
Singular Plural
1 ni- mē-
1 + 2 - ɬē-
2 ti- sē-
3 bi- nē-

TAM + subject markers

Present indicative
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaisman *kaφsən
2SG *ʁaismar *kaφsər
3SG.M *ʁaismam *kaφsəm
3SG.F *ʁaismasim *kaφsəsim
3SG.N *ʁaisma *kaφs
1EX *ʁaismamē *kaφsmē
1IN *ʁaismant *kaφsənt
2PL *ʁaismaske *kaφsəske
3PL *ʁaismat *kaφsət

Preterite indicative
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaismannem *keφsənnem
2SG *ʁaismarəg *keφsrəg
3SG.M *ʁaismasəm *keφsəsəm
3SG.F *ʁaismast *keφsəst
3SG.N *ʁaismaso *keφso
1EX *ʁaismamer *keφsəmer
1IN *ʁaismanter *keφsənter
2PL *ʁaismasker *keφsəsker
3PL *ʁaismater *keφsəter

Subjunctive
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaismanai *kaφsnai
2SG *ʁaismarai *kaφsrai
3SG.M *ʁaismamewr *kaφsmewr
3SG.F *ʁaismasewr *kaφsəsewr
3SG.N *ʁaismawr *kaφsewr
1EX *ʁaismamai *kaφsmai
1IN *ʁaismantai *kaφsəntai
2PL *ʁaismaskai *kaφsəskai
3PL *kaismatewr *kaφsətewr

Imperative
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel-stem)		 kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
2SG *ʁaismā! *kaφsə!
1IN *ʁaismantē! *kaφsəntē!
2PL *ʁaismaskē! *kaφsəskē!


Syntax

  • *-is = emphatic particle
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