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Hadda: Difference between revisions
→Verbs
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
'''All of this is subject to change | '''All of this is subject to change <!-- (and of this sentence) -->''' | ||
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(Example verbs are ''gaa'wa'' "to throw", ''maara'' 'to lead", and ''ħaɗɗa'' "to be ħaɗɗa") | (Example verbs are ''gaa'wa'' "to throw", ''maara'' 'to lead", and ''ħaɗɗa'' "to be ħaɗɗa") | ||
The infinitive | The infinitive of native verbs is of the form ''XCaaCa'' or ''XCaCCa'', where X can be anything. Only the final portion (after X) changes. Therefore, "initial" consonant below refers to the initial consonant in the penultimate syllable. | ||
Mood: affects final vowel. | Mood: affects final vowel. | ||
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*Past progressive: stem vowel becomes ''i'' (palatalizing initial velars) - e.g. ''jii'wa'' "was throwing", ''miira'' "was leading", ''ħiɗɗa'' "was hadda" | *Past progressive: stem vowel becomes ''i'' (palatalizing initial velars) - e.g. ''jii'wa'' "was throwing", ''miira'' "was leading", ''ħiɗɗa'' "was hadda" | ||
*Past habitual: like present habitual, but with stem vowel changing to ''i'' - e.g. ''giɓɓa'' "used to throw", ''ħiɍiɗɗa'' "used to regularly become hadda" | *Past habitual: like present habitual, but with stem vowel changing to ''i'' - e.g. ''giɓɓa'' "used to throw", ''ħiɍiɗɗa'' "used to regularly become hadda" | ||
*Theoretically, a future habitual could be formed by combining the future with the present habitual - e.g. ''gwaɓɓa'' "will throw regularly", ''molla'' "will lead regularly", ''ħoɍoɗɗa'' "will regularly become hadda" | *Theoretically, a future habitual could be formed by combining the future with the present habitual - e.g. ''gwaɓɓa'' "will throw regularly", ''molla'' "will lead regularly", ''ħoɍoɗɗa'' "will regularly become hadda". Normally, this would be formed with a ''gaara'' construction - e.g. ''gaɓɓa gwaara'' "will throw regularly" (literally: will say throwing regularly) | ||
*The auxiliary verb ''gaara'' "to say" is ubiquitous in Hadda verbal morphology. Its functions include: | |||
**Forming compound tenses, which can either form new tenses or disambiguate existing forms - e.g. ''gaa'wa gwaara'' "will be throwing", ''gaa'wa jiira'' "was throwing" (equivalent to ''jii'wa''; might be used if another verb has the same past form), ''gwaa'wa jiira'' "was going to throw" | |||
**Deriving verbs from nouns, interjections, loanwords, etc - e.g. ''ħiʔ gaara'' "to hiccup" (literally: to say "ħiʔ"), ''telefoona gaara'' "to telephone" (literally: to say telephone). | |||
Originally, there were two tenses (past and non-past), each with three aspects (perfective, progressive/stative, and habitual). The future tense comes from the present perfective. | <!-- Originally, there were two tenses (past and non-past), each with three aspects (perfective, progressive/stative, and habitual). The future tense comes from the present perfective. --> | ||
Secondary verbs can be derived from primary or other secondary verbs. For example: | Secondary verbs can be derived from primary or other secondary verbs. For example: | ||
*Intensive: Formed by reduplicating | *Intensive: Formed by reduplicating ''CV-'' or ''CVCa-'' - e.g. ''gaǥaa'wa'', ''ga'waǥaa'wa'' "is throwing repeatedly/intensely" | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||