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==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan= 3  rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | Bilabial !! colspan=2 | Labiode. !! colspan=2 | Dental !! colspan=2 | Alveol. !! colspan=2 | Postalve. !! colspan=2 | Retrofl. !! colspan=2 | Palatal !! colspan=2 | Velar !! colspan=2 | Uvular !! colspan=2 | Pharyn. !! colspan=2 | Epiglot. !! colspan=2 | Glottal
|-
! S. !! L.
! S. !! L.
! S. !! L.
! S. !! L.
! S. !! L.
! S. !! L.
! S. !! L.
! S. !! L.
! S. !! L.
! S. !! L.
! S. !! L.
! S. !! L.
|-
! rowspan=8 |Plosive
! rowspan=4 | Unvoiced
! Plain
| p <br> (p) || p: <br> (pp)
| ||
| colspan=3 | t <br> (t) || colspan=3 | t: <br> (tt)
| ||
| ||
| k <br> (k) || k: <br> (kk)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Lab.
| ||
| ||
| colspan=3 | t<sup>w</sup> <br> (tw) || colspan=3 | t<sup>w</sup>: <br> (ttw)
| ||
| ||
| k<sup>w</sup> <br> (kw) || k<sup>w</sup>: <br> (kkw)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Plat.
| p<sup>j</sup> <br> (pj) ||
| ||
| colspan=3 | t<sup>j</sup> <br> (tj) || colspan=3 | t<sup>j</sup>: <br> (ttj)
| ||
| ||
| k<sup>j</sup> <br> (kj) || k<sup>j</sup>: <br> (kkj)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Lab-Pal
| ||
| ||
| colspan=3 | {{green|t<sup>ɥ</sup>}} <br> (tjw,twj) || colspan=3 | {{green|t<sup>ɥ</sup>:}} <br> (ttjw,ttwj)
| ||
| ||
| {{green|k<sup>ɥ</sup>}} <br> (kj) || {{green|k<sup>ɥ</sup>:}} <br> (kkj)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! rowspan=4 | Voiced
! Plain
| b <br> (b) || b: <br> (bb)
| ||
| colspan=3 | d <br> (d) || colspan=3 | d: <br> (dd)
| ||
| ||
| g <br> (g) || g: <br> (gg)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Lab.
| b<sup>w</sup> <br> (bw) ||
| ||
| colspan=3 | d<sup>w</sup> <br> (dw) || colspan=3 | d<sup>w</sup>: <br> (ddw)
| ||
| ||
| g<sup>w</sup> <br> (gw) || g<sup>w</sup>: <br> (ggw)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Plat.
| ||
| ||
| colspan=3 | d<sup>j</sup> <br> (dj) || colspan=3 | d<sup>j</sup>: <br> (ddj)
| ||
| ||
| g<sup>j</sup> <br> (gg) || g<sup>j</sup>: <br> (ggj)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Lab-Pal
| ||
| ||
| colspan=3 | {{green|d<sup>ɥ</sup>}} <br> (dwj, djw) || colspan=3 | {{green|d<sup>ɥ</sup>:}} <br> (ddwj, ddjw)
| ||
| ||
| {{green|g<sup>ɥ</sup>}} <br> (gwj,gjw) || {{green|g<sup>ɥ</sup>:}} <br> (ggwj,ggjw)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! rowspan=8 | Affricative
! rowspan=4 | Unvoiced
! Plain
| ||
| ||
| ||
| colspan=2 | t͡s <br> (ts)
| colspan=2 | t͡ʃ <br> (tš)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Lab.
| ||
| ||
| ||
| colspan=2 | t͡s<sup>w</sup> <br> (tsw)
| colspan=2 | t͡ʃ<sup>w</sup> <br> (tšw)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Plat.
| ||
| ||
| ||
| colspan=2 | t͡s<sup>j</sup> <br> (tsj)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Lab-Pal
| ||
| ||
| ||
| colspan=2 | {{green|t͡s<sup>ɥ</sup>}} <br> (tsjw,tswj)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || 
|-
! rowspan=4 | Voiced
! Plain
| ||
| ||
| ||
| colspan=2 | d͡z <br> (dz)
| colspan=2 | d͡ʒ <br> (dž)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Lab.
| ||
| ||
| ||
| colspan=2 | d͡z <sup>w</sup> <br> (dzw)
| colspan=2 | d͡ʒ <sup>w</sup> <br> (džw)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Plat.
| ||
| ||
| ||
| colspan=2 | d͡z<sup>j</sup> <br> (dzj)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Lab-Pal
| ||
| ||
| ||
| colspan=2 | {{green|d͡z<sup>ɥ</sup>}} <br> (dzjw,dzwj)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || 
|-
! rowspan=8 | Fricative
! rowspan=4 | Unvoiced
! Plain
| f <br> (f) || f: <br> (ff)
| ||
| ||
| s <br> (s) || s: <br> (ss)
| ʃ <br> (š) || ʃ: <br> (šš)
| ||
| ||
| x <br> (ǧ) || x: <br> (ǧǧ)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Lab.
| ||
| ||
| ||
| s<sup>w</sup> <br> (sw) || s<sup>w</sup>: <br> (ssw)
| ʃ<sup>w</sup> <br> (šw) || ʃ<sup>w</sup>: <br> (ššw)
| ||
| ||
| x<sup>w</sup> <br> (ǧw) ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Plat.
| f<sup>j</sup> <br> (fj) || f<sup>j</sup>: <br> (ffj)
| ||
| ||
| s<sup>j</sup> <br> (sj) || s<sup>j</sup>: <br> (ssj)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Lab-Pal
| ||
| ||
| ||
| {{green|s<sup>ɥ</sup>}} <br> (swj,sjw) || {{green|s<sup>ɥ</sup>:}} <br> (ssjw,sswj)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! rowspan=4 | Voiced
! Plain
| v <br> (v) || v: <br> (vv)
| ||
| ||
| z <br> (z) || z: <br> (zz)
| ʒ <br> (žž) || ʒ: <br> (žž)
| ||
| ||
| {{green|ɣ}} <br> (ǧ) || {{green|ɣ:}} <br> (ǧǧ)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Lab.
| ||
| ||
| ||
| z<sup>w</sup> <br> (zw) || z<sup>w</sup>: <br> (zw)
| ʒ<sup>w</sup> <br> (žw) || ʒ<sup>w</sup>: <br> (žžw)
| ||
| ||
| {{green|ɣ<sup>w</sup>}} <br> (ǧw) ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Plat.
| v<sup>j</sup> <br> (vj) || v<sup>j</sup>: <br> (vvj)
| ||
| ||
| z<sup>j</sup> <br> (zj) || z<sup>j</sup>: <br> (zzj)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Lab-Pal
| ||
| ||
| ||
| {{green|z<sup>ɥ</sup>}} <br> (zwj,zjw) || {{green|z<sup>ɥ</sup>:}} <br> (zzjw,zzwj)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! rowspan=3 colspan=2 |Nasal
! Plain
| m <br> (m) || m: <br> (mm)
| ||
| colspan=3 | n <br> (n) || colspan=3 | n: <br> (nn)
| ||
| ||
| ŋ <br> (ŋ) || ŋ: <br> (ŋŋ)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Lab.
| ||
| ||
| colspan=3 | n<sup>w</sup> <br> (n) || colspan=3 |
| ||
| ||
| ŋ<sup>w</sup> <br> (ŋw) ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Plat.
| m<sup>j</sup> <br> (mj) ||
| ||
| colspan=3 | || colspan=3 | 
| ||
| ||
| ŋ<sup>j</sup> <br> (ŋj) || ŋ<sup>j</sup>: <br> (ŋŋj)
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! rowspan=4 | Glides
! rowspan=4 | Lateral Appr.
! Plain
| ||
| ||
| ||
| colspan=3 | l <br> (l) ||  colspan=3 | l: <br> (ll)
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
|-
! Lab.
| ||
| ||
| ||
| colspan=3 | l<sup>w</sup> <br> (lw) ||  colspan=3 |
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || 
|-
! Plat.
| ||
| ||
| ||
| colspan=3 | l<sup>j</sup> <br> (lj) ||  colspan=3 |
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || 
|-
! Lab-Pal
| ||
| ||
| ||
| colspan=3 | {{green|l<sup>ɥ</sup>}} <br> (lwj,ljw) ||  colspan=3 |
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| ||
| || 
|}
===Vowels===
{|{{style}}
! scope="row"|
! scope="col" colspan=2|Front
! scope="col" |Near front
! scope="col" colspan=2|Central
! scope="col"|Near back
! scope="col" colspan=2|Back
|-
! scope="row"|Close
| style="text-align: center;"|i (i)
| style="text-align: center;"|y (y)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɨ (i)
| style="text-align: center;"|ʉ (u)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|u (ü)
|-
! scope="row"|Near-close
| style="text-align: center;"|e (e)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! scope="row"|Close-mid
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɛ (ë)
| style="text-align: center;"|ɵ (ö)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|o (o)
|-
! scope="row"|Mid
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! scope="row"|Open-mid
| style="text-align: center;"|ɛ (ë)
| style="text-align: center;"|œ (ö)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|o (ɔ)
|-
! scope="row"|Near-open
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! scope="row"|Open
| style="text-align: center;"|a (a)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɑ (a)
| style="text-align: center;"|ɒ(a)
|}
===Pitch-Accent===
Primary {{lg|Stress|stress}} is realised with an increase in the {{lg|pitch}}, while secondary stress has a decrease in the pitch.
Primary and secondary stress are both predictable accoridng to these rules and Primary stress always goes before secondary, that is if primary stress and secondary stress were to overlap the primary stress will be the one that is realised.
''Primary''
*Monosyllabic
*Ultima - Consonant ending
**Penult - Vowel Ending
''Secondary''
*First - Consonant begining
**Second - Vowel begining
*Ultima - Vowel Ending
:{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=3 | 1 Syllable
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! Normal
|
|-
! Low
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
|}
:{|
| <!-- First -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=4 | 2 Syllables <br> C- -C
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! Normal
|
|
|-
! Low
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
|}
| <!-- Second -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=4 | 2 Syllables <br> V- -C
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! Normal
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! Low
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
|}
| <!-- Third -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=4 | 2 Syllables <br> C- -V
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! Normal
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! Low
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
|}
| <!-- Fourth -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=4 | 2 Syllables <br> V- -V
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! Normal
|
|
|-
! Low
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
|}
|}
{|
| <!-- First -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=5 | 3 Syllables <br> C- -C
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
|
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! Normal
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! Low
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
| width=25px | 3
|}
| <!-- Second -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=5 | 3 Syllables <br> V- -C
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
|
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! Normal
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|
|-
! Low
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
| width=25px | 3
|}
| <!-- Third -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=5 | 3 Syllables <br> C- -V
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! Normal
|
|
|
|-
! Low
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
| width=25px | 3
|}
| <!-- Fourth -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=5 | 3 Syllables <br> V- -V
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! Normal
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|
|-
! Low
|
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
| width=25px | 3
|}
|}
{|
| <!-- First -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=6 | 4 Syllables <br> C- -C
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! Normal
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! Low
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
| width=25px | 3
| width=25px | 4
|}
| <!-- Second -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=6 | 4 Syllables <br> V- -C
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! Normal
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! Low
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
| width=25px | 3
| width=25px | 4
|}
| <!-- Third -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=6 | 4 Syllables <br> C- -V
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
|
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! Normal
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|
|-
! Low
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
| width=25px | 3
| width=25px | 4
|}
| <!-- Fourth -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=6 | 4 Syllables <br> V- -V
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
|
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! Normal
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|
|
|-
! Low
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
| width=25px | 3
| width=25px | 4
|}
|}
{|
| <!-- First -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=7 | n>4 Syllables <br> C- -C
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! Normal
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! Low
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
| width=25px | 3->n-2
| width=25px | n-1
| width=25px | n
|}
| <!-- Second -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=7 | n>4 Syllables <br> V- -C
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
|
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! Normal
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! Low
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
| width=25px | 3->n-2
| width=25px | n-1
| width=25px | n
|}
| <!-- Third -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=7 | n>4 Syllables <br> C- -V
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! Normal
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|
|-
! Low
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
| width=25px | 3->n-2
| width=25px | n-1
| width=25px | n
|}
| <!-- Fourth -->
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=7 | n>4 Syllables <br> V- -V
|-
! rowspan=3 | Pitch
! High
|
|
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|-
! Normal
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|
|-
! Low
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|
|
| bgcolor=#c0e4cf |
|-
! colspan=2 | Syllable
| width=25px | 1
| width=25px | 2
| width=25px | 3->n-2
| width=25px | n-1
| width=25px | n
|}
|}
===Phonotactics===
The syllable structure is decently complex where the {{lg|Onset|onset}}, the consonants prior to the vowel, and the {{lg|Coda|coda}}, consonants after the vowel, both can take two consonants. The onset and coda acts both independed of each other and can take the following forms.
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=5 | Syllable Structure
|-
! colspan=5 | General
|-
| C
| C
| V
| C
| C
|-
! colspan=5| Possible
|-
! colspan=2 | Onset
! Core
! Colspan=2 | Coda
|-
! colspan=2 | Initial
! Vowel
! Colspan=2 | Final
|-
|
| Consonant
| Vowel
| Consonant
|
|-
| Nasal
| <!--Unvoiced<br />-->Affricative
| Vowel
| Nasal
| Nasal
|-
| Nasal
| Fricative
| Vowel
| Affricative
| Nasal - n
|-
| Nasal
| Nasal
| Vowel
| Plosive
| Fricative
|-
| Nasal
| Plosive
| Vowel
| Plosive
| Plosive
|-
| Affricative
| Nasal
| Vowel
| Fricative
| Fricative
|-
| <!--Voiced<br />-->Plosive
| Nasal
| Vowel
| Fricative
| Nasal
|-
| Plosive
| Fricative
| Vowel
|Fricative
|Lateral
|-
| Plosive
| Plosive
| Vowel
|Lateral
|Fricative
|-
| Fricative
| Fricative
| Vowel
|Latera
|Affricative
|-
| Fricative
| Plosive
| Vowel
| Affricative
| Lateral
|-
|Plosive
|Lateral
| Vowel
|Nasal
|Lateral
|-
|Fricative
|Lateral
| Vowel
|Plosive
|Lateral
|-
| <!--Voiced<br />-->Affricative
| Lateral
| Vowel
| Affricative
| Fricative
|-
|Nasal
|Lateral
| Vowel
| Affricative
| Plosive
|-
|Lateral
|Nasal
| Vowel
|
|
|-
|Affricative
|Fricative
| Vowel
|
|
|}
[[Category:Umbrean]][[Category:Lessons]][[Category:Umbrean Lessons]]
[[Category:Umbrean]][[Category:Lessons]][[Category:Umbrean Lessons]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/6977"