User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions

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Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.
Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.


Note that Form V was marginal and only applicable to a handful of verb roots, mostly relating to ______ or ______.
Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb ''chikh'' ("to practice", cognate to [[Rttirri]] ''chiu'' "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is ''rnufukh'' ("process", a truncation of ''rrirnufukh'', cognate to Rttirri ''rrirneu''). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
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!Gerund
!Gerund
!Meaning
!Meaning
!Biliteral root: k-b (to stop)
!Biliteral roots, e.g. ''k-b'' (to stop)
!Triliteral root: t-j-n (to bother)
!Triliteral roots, e.g. ''t-j-n'' (to bother)
|-
|-
! I
! I
| ''chikh ___''
| ''chikh ___''
| ''chikh ___''
| ''rnufukh ___''
| to do something
| ''chikh pag'' – he imitates<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*pʰaŋʔ/ [[wiktionary:仿|仿]])
| ''chikh sanās'' – he spins silk<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*snas/ [[wiktionary:絮|絮]])
|-
! II
| ''_ō_(e_)''
| ''_ō_(e_)''
| ''_ē_(e_)''
| ''_ē_(e_)''
| ''_ē_(?_)''
| ''_ē_(e_)''
| ''_ē_(?_)''
| ''_ē_(e_)''
| to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly
| to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly
| ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly
| ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly
| ''tējen'' – he goes crazy
| ''tējen'' – he goes crazy
|-
|-
! II
! III
| ''_ā_(a_)''
| ''_ā_(a_)''
| ''_ā_(a_)''
| ''_ā_(a_)''
| ''_ī_(?_)''
| ''_ī_(i_)''
| ''_ấ_(?_)''
| ''_ấ_(â_)''
| to undergo a process weakly or gradually
| to undergo a process weakly or gradually
| ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt
| ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt
| ''tājan'' – he hesitates
| ''tājan'' – he hesitates
|-
|-
! III
! IV
| ''_i_ō(_e)''
| ''_i_ō(_e)''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''_i_ē(_?)''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''_i_ē(_?)''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly  
| to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly  
| ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly
| ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly
| ''tijēne'' – he completely disrupts
| ''tijēne'' – he completely disrupts
|-
|-
! IV
! V
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''_i_ī(_?)''
| ''_i_ī(_i)''
| ''_i_ấ(_?)''
| ''_i_ấ(_â)''
| to act on someone/something weakly or gradually  
| to act on someone/something weakly or gradually  
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''tijāna'' – he annoys
| ''tijāna'' – he annoys
|-
! V
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
|}

Revision as of 23:23, 27 March 2017

Old Zoki is the reconstructed common ancestor of Zoki and a few closely related languages spoken in Myanmar. It is part of the North Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of Proto-North-Rttirrian.

Phonology

Consonants

Old Zoki possessed the following consonants:

Labial Alveolar Palatal-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Retroflex
Nasal *m /m/ *n /n/ *rn /ɳ/
Plosive *p /p/
*b /b/ 		*t /t/
*d /d/ 		*k /k/
*g /g/ 		*rt /ʈ/
*rd /ɖ/
Fricative *f /ɸ/
*v /β/ 		*s /s/
*z /z/ 		*sh /ʃ/
*zh /ʒ/ 		*kh /x/
Approximant *y /j/ *rl /ɭ/
*rr /ɻ/

Vowels

The following vowels were used:

Front Central Back
Short Long Short Long Short Long
High *i /i/ *ī /iː/ *u /u/ *ū /uː/
Mid-high *e /e/ *ē /eː/ *o /o/ *ō /oː/
Low-mid *â /ɔ/ *ấ /ɔː/
Low *a /ä/ *ā /äː/

Grammar

Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.

Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb chikh ("to practice", cognate to Rttirri chiu "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is rnufukh ("process", a truncation of rrirnufukh, cognate to Rttirri rrirneu). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern.

Forms Examples
Form Past Present Future Gerund Meaning Biliteral roots, e.g. k-b (to stop) Triliteral roots, e.g. t-j-n (to bother)
I chikh ___ chikh ___ chikh ___ rnufukh ___ to do something chikh pag – he imitates
(from Classical Chinese /*pʰaŋʔ/ 仿) 		chikh sanās – he spins silk
(from Classical Chinese /*snas/ 絮)
II _ō_(e_) _ē_(e_) _ē_(e_) _ē_(e_) to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly kēb – he stops suddenly tējen – he goes crazy
III _ā_(a_) _ā_(a_) _ī_(i_) _ấ_(â_) to undergo a process weakly or gradually kāb – he slows to a halt tājan – he hesitates
IV _i_ō(_e) _i_ē(_e) _i_ē(_e) _i_ē(_e) to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly kibē – he causes to stop suddenly tijēne – he completely disrupts
V _i_ā(_a) _i_ā(_a) _i_ī(_i) _i_ấ(_â) to act on someone/something weakly or gradually kibā – he drags to a halt tijāna – he annoys
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