Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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Chlouvānem uses many honorific titles, which are always used in non-familiar speech. The "honorific" adjective ''yamei'' is often added to many of them - especially ''lāma'' - and is mandatory in other ones.

* '''lāma''' - used after the noun, it is the most common honorific title; almost every time someone is being addressed, ''lāma'' is used - the only exceptions being when it is already known another honorific should be used, or in familiar situations. It usually follows the given name alone (e.g. ''Namihūlša lāma''); if the matronymic is added (sometimes done in order to disambiguate), then ''lāma'' comes between matronymic and noun (e.g. ''Līṭhaljāyimāvi lāma Namihūlša''). All three names matronymic, surname, and given name together with ''lāma'' (e.g. ''Līṭhaljāyimāvi Kaleñchokah Namihūlša lāma'') are only used in very formal addressing from a list of nouns; should matronymic+noun be not enough to distinguish two people, simply surname+noun is used.

* '''tanta''' - used for people in a lower position, e.g. used towards one's employees or (usually from seventh class onwards) by teachers and professors towards their students.

* '''tanta''' - used for people in a lower position, e.g. used towards one's employees or (usually from seventh class onwards) by teachers and professors towards their students. Also used by militars towards lower-ranked soldiers.

* '''suntam''' (regionally also ''sintam'') - used for people in a higher position in certain situations, most commonly towards older and more experienced colleagues (but not teachers or professors, nor work bosses if they're roughly the same age as the speaker).

* '''lallāmaha''' - an extremely formal honorific, used for public authorities and all Inquisitors. Most often used together with ''yamei''. Inquisitors may also be referred to as ''lallāmaha + <small>matronymic</small> + yamei + <small>given name</small> + murkadhāna (lāma)''

* '''jūlin''' - less formal than ''lāma'', used for people who work in one's home but are not part of the family.

* '''telen''' - less formal than ''lāma'', used by men for unmarried women whom they know somewhat well. Currently less frequently used than it was up to about 10 years ago.

* '''jāmilšīreh''' - used in military contexts towards higher-ranked people, or by common people towards military commanders in service.

* '''dhārāti''' - neutral but respectful title of address, often used when generally speaking and without knowing who the listener is. Sometimes used, when in a plural sense, in the form '''yamei ui-dhārātīye'''. In its neutralness relative to rank, it can be compared with the Soviet-era use of ''товарищ''.

* '''cuca''' is not strictly an honorific, as it pertains to more colloquial forms of speech, but it works the same way. It has a diminutive and endearing meaning, not unlike Japanese ''-chan''. In formal speech, it is often used towards and when speaking about children.

Two special formulas are used for the most important people in the Inquisition:

* ''aveṣyotāra lallāmaha'' + matronymic + ''yamei'' + surname + given name + ''brausamailenia lāma'' for the Baptist (roughly "[Her]<ref>Since the laws on gender equality of 4E 56 (77 years ago), the role of Baptist, the second most important in the Inquisition, may be held by a male, but so far no male person has ever been Baptist. On the other hand, only females may be Great Inquisitors.</ref> Excellent Highness, Baptist ...");

* ''nanū aveṣyotāra lallāmaha'' + matronymic + ''yamei'' + surname + given name + ''camimurkadhāna lāma'' for the Great Inquisitor ("[Her] Most Excellent Highness, Great Inquisitor ...").

===Honorific particles===

There are a few honorific particles - mostly of Ancient Kūṣṛmāthi origin - that are used to make names or nouns honorific:

* '''spa''' makes a verb polite and is put after a verb.

* '''yoṣa''' has roughly the same function as ''spa'', but is more polite; pay attention that while ''spa'' may be used freely with same- and lower-ranked people, ''yoṣa'' in those contexts is considered excessive to the point of being insulting.

* '''īvai''' makes a verb humble, and is put after a verb, too.

* '''yaši''' is an alternative to ''spa'' and ''yoṣa'' but always used with third-person verbs. It is always after personal suffixes but, in unprefixed verbs, before the voice, e.g. ''darė yaši'' → ''darėyašiça''

* '''nami''' denotes respect towards the trigger of the verb.

* '''yo-''' is a prefix for things pertaining to a honourable person, often used together with a verb with '''nami'''.

* '''ui-''' is a prefix that makes nouns honorific.

==Numerals - Mālendān ==

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 Chlouvānem uses many honorific titles, which are always used in non-familiar speech. The "honorific" adjective ''yamei'' is often added to many of them - especially ''lāma'' - and is mandatory in other ones.
 * '''lāma''' - used after the noun, it is the most common honorific title; almost every time someone is being addressed, ''lāma'' is used - the only exceptions being when it is already known another honorific should be used, or in familiar situations. It usually follows the given name alone (e.g. ''Namihūlša lāma''); if the matronymic is added (sometimes done in order to disambiguate), then ''lāma'' comes between matronymic and noun (e.g. ''Līṭhaljāyimāvi lāma Namihūlša''). All three names matronymic, surname, and given name together with ''lāma'' (e.g. ''Līṭhaljāyimāvi Kaleñchokah Namihūlša lāma'') are only used in very formal addressing from a list of nouns; should matronymic+noun be not enough to distinguish two people, simply surname+noun is used.
-* '''tanta''' - used for people in a lower position, e.g. used towards one's employees or (usually from seventh class onwards) by teachers and professors towards their students.
+* '''tanta''' - used for people in a lower position, e.g. used towards one's employees or (usually from seventh class onwards) by teachers and professors towards their students. Also used by militars towards lower-ranked soldiers.
 * '''suntam''' (regionally also ''sintam'') - used for people in a higher position in certain situations, most commonly towards older and more experienced colleagues (but not teachers or professors, nor work bosses if they're roughly the same age as the speaker).
 * '''lallāmaha''' - an extremely formal honorific, used for public authorities and all Inquisitors. Most often used together with ''yamei''. Inquisitors may also be referred to as ''lallāmaha + <small>matronymic</small> + yamei + <small>given name</small> + murkadhāna (lāma)''
+* '''jūlin''' - less formal than ''lāma'', used for people who work in one's home but are not part of the family.
+* '''telen''' - less formal than ''lāma'', used by men for unmarried women whom they know somewhat well. Currently less frequently used than it was up to about 10 years ago.
+* '''jāmilšīreh''' - used in military contexts towards higher-ranked people, or by common people towards military commanders in service.
+* '''dhārāti''' - neutral but respectful title of address, often used when generally speaking and without knowing who the listener is. Sometimes used, when in a plural sense, in the form '''yamei ui-dhārātīye'''. In its neutralness relative to rank, it can be compared with the Soviet-era use of ''товарищ''.
+* '''cuca''' is not strictly an honorific, as it pertains to more colloquial forms of speech, but it works the same way. It has a diminutive and endearing meaning, not unlike Japanese ''-chan''. In formal speech, it is often used towards and when speaking about children.
 Two special formulas are used for the most important people in the Inquisition:
 * ''aveṣyotāra lallāmaha'' + matronymic + ''yamei'' + surname + given name + ''brausamailenia lāma'' for the Baptist (roughly "[Her]<ref>Since the laws on gender equality of 4E 56 (77 years ago), the role of Baptist, the second most important in the Inquisition, may be held by a male, but so far no male person has ever been Baptist. On the other hand, only females may be Great Inquisitors.</ref> Excellent Highness, Baptist ...");
 * ''nanū aveṣyotāra lallāmaha'' + matronymic + ''yamei'' + surname + given name + ''camimurkadhāna lāma'' for the Great Inquisitor ("[Her] Most Excellent Highness, Great Inquisitor ...").
+===Honorific particles===
+There are a few honorific particles - mostly of Ancient Kūṣṛmāthi origin - that are used to make names or nouns honorific:
+* '''spa''' makes a verb polite and is put after a verb.
+* '''yoṣa''' has roughly the same function as ''spa'', but is more polite; pay attention that while ''spa'' may be used freely with same- and lower-ranked people, ''yoṣa'' in those contexts is considered excessive to the point of being insulting.
+* '''īvai''' makes a verb humble, and is put after a verb, too.
+* '''yaši''' is an alternative to ''spa'' and ''yoṣa'' but always used with third-person verbs. It is always after personal suffixes but, in unprefixed verbs, before the voice, e.g. ''darė yaši'' → ''darėyašiça''
+* '''nami''' denotes respect towards the trigger of the verb.
+* '''yo-''' is a prefix for things pertaining to a honourable person, often used together with a verb with '''nami'''.
+* '''ui-''' is a prefix that makes nouns honorific.
 ==Numerals - Mālendān ==