Verse:Hmøøh/Talma/Literature: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''1a2a3'' || ''-i12a3'' || ''1ō2i3'' || ''1a2ī3''
| ''1a2a3'' || ''-i12a3'' || ''1ō2i3'' || ''1a2ī3i''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''1u2u3'' || ''-u1a2ːō3'' || ''mu1a2ːī3'' || ''1a2ːī3ā''
| ''1u2u3'' || ''-u1a2ːō3'' || ''mu1a2ːī3'' || ''1a2ːī3āʔ''
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''ˀa12ī<sup>1</sup>3'' || ''-uni12i3'' || ''mi1ːū2ā3'' || ''ˀa12u3t''
| ''ˀa12ī<sup>1</sup>3'' || ''-uni12i3'' || ''mi1ːū2ā3'' || ''ˀa12u3ti''
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
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! 6
! 6
| ''ša12i3'' || ''-uši12i3'' || ''muši12i3'' || ''ša12a3t''
| ''ša12i3'' || ''-uši12i3'' || ''muši12i3'' || ''ša12a3ti''
|}
|}
<sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''i'' when a suffix is added.
<sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''i'' when a suffix is added.

Revision as of 21:37, 5 April 2017

Netagin (barīts Natāgīn) is a triconsonantal language inspired by Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic, spoken in Western Cuadhlabh. This page describes Ancient Netagin.

Todo

  • final -ʔ to block initial seimhiu in descendants
  • need more binyanim
  • passive binyanim?
  • yarifi = wheel
  • bīlan = woman
  • mufgōrin = castle
  • qabatxōt = alligator

Roots

  • n-t-g: ???
  • r-s-d: study
  • z-ʔ-r: go
  • k-d-d: fly
  • w-r-š: love
  • b-n-š: hide

Phonology

Ancient Netagin

Ancient Netagin had the following consonants (note no /l/!):

m n ŋ tʰ t kʰ k ʔ b d g f s ts ɬ tɬ ʃ ħ h z ʕ w r j

m n ŋ t ṭ k q ʔ b d g f s ts x tx š ħ h z ȝ w r y

The following vowels were used:

i iː u uː
a aː oː
aj aw

i ī u ū a ā ō ay aw

Stress is marked with an acute accent.

Old Netagin

Begadkefat: /t k b d g/ > /θ x v ð ɣ/ after a V

Vowels go through Tiberian Hebrew-ish changes

Modern Netagin

Morphology

Nouns and adjectives

Three numbers: sg, du/col, pl

Four genders: masculine, feminine, terrestrial, aquatic (inspired by Valyrian)

absolute, construct, possessed forms

Definite article: ha-(gemination)

Noun and adjective endings
Singular Dual-collective Plural
absolute construct absolute construct absolute construct
Masculine -i -∅ -ūn -ān
Feminine -an -āʔ -ōnūn -ōnū -ōnān -ōnā
Terrestrial -in -ay -ayyūn -ayyū -ayyān -ayyā
Aquatic -ōti, -ti -at -(a)tūn -(a)tū -(a)tān -(a)tā


For example, below are the declensions of yarifi (m.) = 'wheel'; bīlan (f.) = 'woman'; mufgōrin (t.) = 'castle'; qabatxōt (a.) = 'alligator':

Sample nouns
Singular Dual-collective Plural
absolute construct absolute construct absolute construct
Masculine yarifi yarif yarifūn yarifū yarifān yarifā
Feminine bīlan bīlāʔ bīlōnūn bīlōnū bīlōnān bīlōnā
Terrestrial mufgōrin mufgōray mufgōrayyūn mufgōrayyū mufgōrayyān mufgōrayyā
Aquatic qabatxōt qabatxat qabatxtūn qabatxtū qabatxtān qabatxtā

Vowel-reducing paradigms

The largest class of vowel-reducing nouns have á or é between the first and second radicals that reduces to a/e (harmonizing with the frontness of following vowel; i after a y) when a suffix is added.

"Crawling-up" nouns

The "crawling-up" (Netagin: mittzúchábh) nouns underlyingly end in a consonant cluster. In the singular oblique cases the stem is turned into a CaCC (if the bare form is CeCaC, CiCC for CéCaC and CoCC for CóCaC) form, and the dual and plural turn the stem into (CaCáC, CeCáC and CoCáC).

Nouns ending in geminated consonants

These nouns may take sound case/number suffixes, or get the broken plural as a CVCC/CVnC stem.

-eh

In nouns ending in -eh, the -eh is deleted before a case ending.

Pronouns

First person Second person Third person
Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
Independent ʔákti ʔákkū ʔákkā ʔánni ʔánnū ʔánnā hini, hinan, hinn, hitt hínnū hínnā
Clitic -ti -kū -kā -ni -nū -nā -hi -hū -hā

Verbs

Netagin verbs, perhaps similarly to those of Biblical Hebrew, mark aspect and person, but not tense. Non-concatenative morphology figures prominently in conjugation for valence and TAM, much like in Semitic and Proto-Indo-European. However, verbs can also be derived via derivational "mishqalim" patterns (with considerable overlap with nominal patterns).

Primary stems

For inflectional paradigms, please see Netagin/Primary stem conjugation.
  • Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold"). It is often considered the most basic form. The difference between adjectives and stative verbs is roughly equivalent to the ser-estar distinction.
  • Binyan 2 contains most monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy"). Can also have a telic (desired outcome was reached) meaning.
  • Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
  • Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).

Note that there is no passive in Netagin - this function is mainly served by zeroth person in transitive verbs or with Reflexive verbs, or simply topicalization of the patient.

Binyan Imperfective Perfective Participle Action noun
1 1a2a3 -i12a3 1ō2i3 1a2ī3i
2 1u2u3 -u1a2ːō3 mu1a2ːī3 1a2ːī3āʔ
3 ˀa12ī13 -uni12i3 mi1ːū2ā3 ˀa12u3ti
4 ˀa12a3 -i1ːi2u3 ma12a3 ˀa12a3āʔ
5 ta12u3 -uta12i3 muta12i3 ta12ō3āʔ
6 ša12i3 -uši12i3 muši12i3 ša12a3ti

1 Shortens to i when a suffix is added.

The participle is an agent noun or an adjective. Adverbializing it yields manner of action "as if to X".

The action noun (axn) or gerund is used in action noun constructions, which are of the form SUBJECT-gen AXN OBJECT-acc. It is of importance in forming relative clauses, for Netagin does not have a relativizer.

Affixes

Present tense affixes
Singular Dual-Coll. Plural
1 -ti -tū -tā
2 -an -nū -nā
3 -∅

ʔabnaš 'steal'
Singular Dual-Coll. Plural
1 ʔabnašti ʔabnaštū ʔabnaštā
2 ʔabnašan ʔabnašnū ʔabnašnā
3 ʔabnaš ʔabnašū ʔabnašā

Past tense affixes
Singular Dual-Coll. Plural
1 t- t-ū t-ā
2 n- n-ū n-ā
3 h- h--ū h--ā

ʔabnaš 'steal'
Singular Dual-Coll. Plural
1 tibbinuš tibbinušū tibbinušā
2 nibbinuš nibbinušū nibbinušā
3 hibbinuš hibbinušū hibbinušā