User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2

Pre-???
Created by	–
Language family	Indo-European Pre-???

History

See also: Proto-Indo-European

Pre-??? evolved from the Proto-Indo-European language spoken somewhere in the Eurasian steppes. The following are among the notable changes that occurred as the Pre-??? culture made its way into east Siberia:

• Voiced aspirated consonants became devoiced (but kept their aspiration).
• Short /e/ and /o/ were raised to /i/ and /u/ to make maximal use of the vowel space.

• Afterward, vowel length was lost, so /eː/ and /oː/ became simply /e/ and /o/.

• Labialized consonants delabialized when adjacent to /u/ and /o/, and palatalized consonants depalatalized when adjacent to /i/.
• The consonants /j/ and /w/ shifted to /ʒ/ and /v/. Unlike most Indo-European languages where syllabic /j/ and /w/ became vocalic /i/ and /u/, here they remained consonantal.

• When adjacent to a voiceless consonant, /ʒ/ and /v/ became /ʃ/ and /f/.

• Syllabic consonants became disallowed:

• Syllabic /n/ and /r/ fronted to /e/, while syllabic /l/ vocalized to /o/.
• The other syllabic consonants (/j/, /w/, and /m/) took on an epenthetic /a/ to separate them from other consonants. /ʃ/ and /f/ kept their voicelessness when pulled out of consonant clusters, thus cementing them as new phonemes.

• The dual number completely disappeared.
• Thematic inflection paradigms for nouns of the three original grammatical genders (masculine, neuter, and feminine) merged, creating a fourth "thematic" gender.

• This gender adopted /qin/, a simplification of the Proto-Indo-European word for "other", as its pronoun.

• Unlike most Indo-European languages, which simplified the robust case system of Proto-Indo-European, Pre-??? innovated two new cases under influence from nearby Siberian languages:

• A comitative, from the postposition /kum/ ("with") suffixed to the accusative.
• An illative, from the postposition /xin/ ("in") suffixed to the dative.

Phonology

Consonants

Pre-??? possessed the following consonants:

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal- alveolar	Palatal	Velar			Uvular
						Palatalized	Plain	Labialized	Plain	Labialized
Nasal		*m /m/	*n /n/
Plosive	Voiceless	*p /p/	*t /t/			*ky /kʲ/	*k /k/	*kw /kʷ/
	Voiced		*d /t/			*gy /gʲ/	*g /g/	*gw /gʷ/
	Aspirated	*ph /pʰ/	*th /tʰ/			*kyh /kʲʰ/	*kh /kʰ/	*kwh /kʷʰ/
Fricative	Voiceless	*f /f/	*s /s/	*sh /ʃ/			*x /x/		*q /χ/	*qw /χʷ/
	Voiced	*v /v/		*j /ʒ/
Affricate				*ch /t͡ʃ/
Approximant			*l /l/
Flap/Trill			*r /r/

Vowels

The following vowel phonemes are used:

	Front	Central	Back
High	*i /i/		*u /u/
Mid	*e /e/		*o /o/
Low		*a /a/

Stress accent

Pre-??? inherited the phonemic stress system of Proto-Indo-European. No syllable in a word had to be stressed, and sometimes more than one were. Here, stress is indicated with an acute accent, written thus:

á é í ó ú

Grammar

Pronouns

The following pronouns were used:

	1st		2nd		3rd
	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.				Pl.
					Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Them.	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Them.
Nominative	*xig	*evij	*fax	*jafa	*su	*tud	*siq	*qins	*tuj	*tuq	*tiqaj	*qini
Accusative	*amí	*esmí	*fí	*vos	*tum		*tiq	*qim	*tuns		*tiqes	*qines
Genitive	*míni	*esu	*tívi	*shafsu	*safó		*isiq	*qinchu	*tisum		*tiqum	*qinum
Dative	*míshu	*esmij	*pháju	*fasmij	*smój		*qij	*qinij	*tujmaf		*tiqmaf	*qimus
Ablative	*míd	*esmid	*fíd	*fasmid	*smód			*qind	*tujus		*tuqus
Locative	*muáj	*esmaj	*tuáj	*fasmaj	*smaj		*qaj	*qinch	*chaf		*tiqshaf	*qinchaf
Instrumental		*esmáj		*fasmu	*tuj			*qinax	*tushphaj		*tiqphaj	*qinash
Comitative	*amík	*esmík	*fíkum	*voskum	*tiqum	*tudum	*tuqum	*qimum	*tunsum	*tuqum	*tiqem	*qiskum
Illative	*míshuq	*esmin	*phájux	*fasmin	*smósh		*shin	*qinchax	*tujman		*tuqun	*qinchin

Case declension

Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.

	Singular				Plural
	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Them.	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.	Them.
Nominative	*-(a)m	*-∅	*-(a)s	*-(a)sh	*-i	*-(a)x	*-ish	*-i
Vocative	*-∅
Accusative	*-(a)m				*-es		*-es
Genitive	*-(a)s			*-shu	*-um
Dative	*-ij				*-mus
Ablative	*-(a)d		*-(a)s	*-(a)d
Locative	*-ij		*-(a)j		*-sav			*-shaf
Instrumental	*-(a)x				*-phaj			*-(a)sh
Comitative	*-mum	*-kum	*-shum	*-mum	*-skum	*-xum	*-shum	*-skum
Illative	*-shax		*-shin	*-shax	*-shin

Verb phrases

Person/number conjugation

	Athematic						Thematic
	1st		2nd		3rd		1st		2nd		3rd
	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.
Past	*-am	*-amí	*-as	*-ití	*-at	*-and	*-um	*-umi	*-is	*-iti	*-id	*-und
Present	*-ma	*-mus	*-sa	*-ti	*-ta	*-anch	*-u	*-um	*-ash	*-it	*-umu	*-unch

Sample text

From Schleicher's fable:

PIE: h₂áu̯ei̯ h₁i̯osméi̯ h₂u̯l̥h₁náh₂ né h₁ést, só h₁éḱu̯oms derḱt. só gʷr̥hₓúm u̯óǵʰom u̯eǵʰed; só méǵh₂m̥ bʰórom; só dʰǵʰémonm̥ h₂ṓḱu bʰered.

Pre-???: Qívas xashusij qafoxniqash ní xísat, sú xíkshafes dirkid; sú qinum víkhyam sú mígyaqam phírat, sú thakhyímunam qókyav phírat.

Gloss: sheep-F.SG.NOM REL-F.SG.DAT wool-THEM.SG.NOM not be-3SG.PST, and horse-THEM.PL.ACC see-3SG.PST.THEM. and 3PL.THEM.GEN wagon-NEUT.SG.ACC pull-3SG.PST; and load-NEUT.SG.ACC carry-3SG.PST; and person-M.ACC quick-ADV carry-3SG.PST.

English: A sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly.