User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions
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! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| ''*-(a)m'' | | ''*-(a)m'' | ||
| ''*-∅'' | | ''*-∅/-e'' | ||
| ''*-(a)s'' | | ''*-(a)s'' | ||
| ''*-(a)sh'' | | ''*-(a)sh'' | ||
| Line 349: | Line 349: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
| colspan="4" | ''*-∅'' | | colspan="4" | ''*-∅/-e'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
Revision as of 22:24, 18 May 2017
| Pre-??? | |
|---|---|
| Created by | – |
Indo-European
| |
History
- See also: Proto-Indo-European
Pre-??? evolved from the Proto-Indo-European language spoken somewhere in the Eurasian steppes. The following are among the notable changes that occurred as the Pre-??? culture made its way into east Siberia:
- Voiced aspirated consonants became devoiced (but kept their aspiration).
- Short /e/ and /o/ were raised to /i/ and /u/ to make maximal use of the vowel space.
- Afterward, vowel length was lost, so /eː/ and /oː/ became simply /e/ and /o/.
- Labialized consonants delabialized when preceding /u/ and /o/, and palatalized consonants depalatalized when preceding /i/.
- The consonants /j/ and /w/ shifted to /ʒ/ and /v/. Unlike most Indo-European languages where syllabic /j/ and /w/ became vocalic /i/ and /u/, here they remained consonantal.
- When adjacent to a voiceless consonant, /ʒ/ and /v/ became /ʃ/ and /f/.
- Syllabic consonants became disallowed:
- Syllabic /n/ and /r/ fronted to /e/, while syllabic /l/ vocalized to /o/.
- The other syllabic consonants (/j/, /w/, and /m/) took on an epenthetic /a/ to separate them from other consonants. /ʃ/ and /f/ kept their voicelessness when pulled out of consonant clusters, thus cementing them as new phonemes.
- The dual number completely disappeared.
- Thematic inflection paradigms for nouns of the three original grammatical genders (masculine, neuter, and feminine) merged, creating a fourth "thematic" gender.
- This gender adopted /qin/, a simplification of the Proto-Indo-European word for "other", as its pronoun.
- Unlike most Indo-European languages, which simplified the robust case system of Proto-Indo-European, Pre-??? innovated two new cases under influence from nearby Siberian languages:
- A comitative, from the postposition /kum/ ("with") suffixed to the accusative.
- An illative, from the postposition /xin/ ("in") suffixed to the dative.
Phonology
Consonants
Pre-??? possessed the following consonants:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palatalized | Plain | Labialized | Plain | Labialized | ||||||
| Nasal | *m /m/ | *n /n/ | ||||||||
| Plosive | Voiceless | *p /p/ | *t /t/ | *ky /kʲ/ | *k /k/ | *kw /kʷ/ | ||||
| Voiced | *d /t/ | *gy /gʲ/ | *g /g/ | *gw /gʷ/ | ||||||
| Aspirated | *ph /pʰ/ | *th /tʰ/ | *kyh /kʲʰ/ | *kh /kʰ/ | *kwh /kʷʰ/ | |||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | *f /f/ | *s /s/ | *sh /ʃ/ | *x /x/ | *q /χ/ | *qw /χʷ/ | |||
| Voiced | *v /v/ | *j /ʒ/ | ||||||||
| Affricate | *ch /t͡ʃ/ | |||||||||
| Approximant | *l /l/ | |||||||||
| Flap/Trill | *r /r/ | |||||||||
Vowels
The following vowel phonemes are used:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | *i /i/ | *u /u/ | |
| Mid | *e /e/ | *o /o/ | |
| Low | *a /a/ |
Stress accent
Pre-??? inherited the phonemic stress system of Proto-Indo-European. No syllable in a word had to be stressed, and sometimes more than one were. Here, stress is indicated with an acute accent, written thus:
- á é í ó ú
Grammar
Pronouns
The following pronouns were used:
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | |||||||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Them. | Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Them. | |||||
| Nominative | *xig | *evij | *fax | *jafa | *su | *tud | *siq | *qins | *tuj | *tuq | *tiqaj | *qini |
| Accusative | *amí | *esmí | *fí | *vos | *tum | *tiq | *qim | *tuns | *tiqes | *qines | ||
| Genitive | *míni | *esu | *tívi | *shafsu | *safó | *isiq | *qinchu | *tisum | *tiqum | *qinum | ||
| Dative | *míshu | *esmij | *pháju | *fasmij | *smój | *qij | *qinij | *tujmaf | *tiqmaf | *qimus | ||
| Ablative | *míd | *esmid | *fíd | *fasmid | *smód | *qind | *tujus | *tuqus | ||||
| Locative | *muáj | *esmaj | *tuáj | *fasmaj | *smaj | *qaj | *qinch | *chaf | *tiqshaf | *qinchaf | ||
| Instrumental | *esmáj | *fasmu | *tuj | *qinax | *tushphaj | *tiqphaj | *qinash | |||||
| Comitative | *amík | *esmík | *fíkum | *voskum | *tiqum | *tudum | *tuqum | *qimum | *tunsum | *tuqum | *tiqem | *qiskum |
| Illative | *míshuq | *esmin | *phájux | *fasmin | *smósh | *shin | *qinchax | *tujman | *tuqun | *qinchin | ||
Case declension
Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.
| Singular | Plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Them. | Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Them. | |
| Nominative | *-(a)m | *-∅/-e | *-(a)s | *-(a)sh | *-i | *-(a)x | *-ish | *-i |
| Vocative | *-∅/-e | |||||||
| Accusative | *-(a)m | *-es | *-es | |||||
| Genitive | *-(a)s | *-shu | *-um | |||||
| Dative | *-ij | *-mus | ||||||
| Ablative | *-(a)d | *-(a)s | *-(a)d | |||||
| Locative | *-ij | *-(a)j | *-sav | *-shaf | ||||
| Instrumental | *-(a)x | *-phaj | *-(a)sh | |||||
| Comitative | *-mum | *-kum | *-shum | *-mum | *-skum | *-xum | *-shum | *-skum |
| Illative | *-shax | *-shin | *-shax | *-shin | ||||
Verb phrases
Person/number conjugation
| Athematic | Thematic | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||||||
| Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | |
| Past | *-am | *-amí | *-as | *-ití | *-at | *-and | *-um | *-umi | *-is | *-iti | *-id | *-und |
| Present | *-ma | *-mus | *-sa | *-ti | *-ta | *-anch | *-u | *-um | *-ash | *-it | *-umu | *-unch |
Sample text
From Schleicher's fable:
- PIE: h₂áu̯ei̯ h₁i̯osméi̯ h₂u̯l̥h₁náh₂ né h₁ést, só h₁éḱu̯oms derḱt. só gʷr̥hₓúm u̯óǵʰom u̯eǵʰed; só méǵh₂m̥ bʰórom; só dʰǵʰémonm̥ h₂ṓḱu bʰered.
- Pre-???: Qívas xashusij qafoxniqash ní xísat, sú xíkshafes dirkid; sú qinum víkhyam sú mígyaqam phírat, sú thakhyímunam qókyav phírat.
- Gloss: sheep-F.SG.NOM REL-F.SG.DAT wool-THEM.SG.NOM not be-3SG.PST, and horse-THEM.PL.ACC see-3SG.PST.THEM. and 3PL.THEM.GEN wagon-NEUT.SG.ACC pull-3SG.PST; and load-NEUT.SG.ACC carry-3SG.PST; and person-M.ACC quick-ADV carry-3SG.PST.
- English: A sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly.