Hlou-Shum languages: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 07:22, 10 June 2017
Hlou-Shum languages /ˈɮetʃɑn/ (Hlou-Shum languages: baeychnae Aetjeon /ˈpejxne ˈetʃʰɑn/) is a language of Talma spoken by the Xaetjfa people. It is a Naquic language (descendant of Naquian) inspired by Praimhín's Gussnish.
Main sources of loanwords:
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | |||||
Stop | tenuis | b /p/ | d /t/ | dz /ts/ | dx /tɬ/ | dj /tʃ/ | g /k/ | |
aspirated | p /pʰ/ | t /tʰ/ | ts /tsʰ/ | tq /tɬʰ/ | tj /tʃʰ/ | c /kʰ/ | ||
Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | th /θ/ | s /s/ | q /ɬ/ | sj /ʃ/ | ch /x/ | h /h/ |
voiced | v /v/ | dh /ð/ | z /z/ | x /ɮ/ | zj /ʒ/ | gh /ɣ/ | ||
Approximant | l /l/ | y /j/ | w /w/ |
- Notes
- In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
- Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ].
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i /i/ | u /u/ | |
Mid | ae /e/ | eu /ə/ | o /o/ |
Open | a /æ/ | eo /ɑ/ |
- Notes
- /ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
- /ə/ may be pronounced [ɤ] by some speakers.
Mutations
Normal | p | t | ts | s | tq | q | tj | sj | c | b | d | dz | z | dx | x | dj | zj | g |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lenited | f | th | s | h | q | h | sj | h | ch | v | dh | z | 0 | x | 0 | zj | 0 | gh |
Normal | m | n | ng | w | l | y |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lenited | w | n | ng | w | w | y |
Prosody
Stress
In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans, stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
-meo/-eom, -nae, -neu < ixmi, hinē, hinuoz
Indefinite | Definite | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | pa | pameo | panae | paneu |
Vocative | fa | - | - | faneu |
Possessive pronouns
The possessive pronouns are usually the following:
Possessive pronouns | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | ||
1 | neu wif neu ow |
meu wif meu ow | |
1 + 2 | - | peu wif peu ow | |
2 | sjeu wif sjeu ow |
tseu wif tseu ow | |
3 | i wif i ow |
i mif i now | |
Interr/Indef | tae wif tae ow |
Possession is indicated with third-person possessive pronouns: Ex. i wif fanae = 'the man's house' (The panae lenites since it follows a feminine noun mif.)
Adjectives
Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.
- pa seowan
- a small person
- mif heowan
- a small house
However, the suffixes -nae and -meo/-eom always lenite the following noun:
- panae heowan
- the small person
- mifeom heowan
- the small houses
Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.
Pronouns
Prepositions and conjunctions
- tjeo-L = and
- teo-L = at
- yae-L = to
Verbs
Rencadian relex: Verbs use VN's.
Numbers
Numbers 1-12: paev, tiho, natj-L, tsov, tsaweo, bael-L, oth, loseoth, bas-L, gaeyo, dav, dadheo-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)
Derivational morphology
- -asj (f): nominalizer
- -iy (f): abstract noun
Phrasebook
- Lon Xaetjfa. = I am a Xaetjeon person.