Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

Line 1,393:

|-

! 6

| 6 || '''~~tulūʔa~~''' || ~~tulūʔendes~~ || ~~tulūʔamūh~~ || ~~tulūʔihaicė~~ || ~~lātulūʔa~~ || ~~tulūʔendvāṭ~~

| 6 || '''tulūɂa''' || tulūɂendes || tulūɂamūh || tulūɂihaicė || lātulūɂa || tulūɂendvāṭ

|-

! 7

Line 1,450:

|}

Numbers from 2012 above are simply made by compounding teens and units with the appropriate saṃdhi changes, like 2112 (2510) ''hælьmāmileil'' (-um, -a), and then ''hælьmāmidani'' (-īm, īh), ''hælьmāmipāmvi'' (-m, -eh), and so on. Note that other compounds with 6 use -~~tulūʔa~~ and not -vælka as in 1612.

Numbers from 2012 above are simply made by compounding teens and units with the appropriate saṃdhi changes, like 2112 (2510) ''hælьmāmileil'' (-um, -a), and then ''hælьmāmidani'' (-īm, īh), ''hælьmāmipāmvi'' (-m, -eh), and so on. Note that other compounds with 6 use -tulūɂa and not -vælka as in 1612.

The other teens are: '''30''' (3610) pāmvimāmei, '''40''' (4810) nęltemāmei, '''50''' (6010) šulkmāmei, '''60''' (7210) vælknihæla, '''70''' (8410) māmyāvælka (regionally ''chīcæmāmei'', particularly in the East), '''80''' (9610) tītimāmei, '''90''' (10810) mojemāmei, '''ᘔ0''' (12010) tåldimāmei, '''Ɛ0''' (13210) māmimīram, and '''100''' nihæla.

The apparent irregularities in the words for 6012, 7012, and Ɛ012 are explained by etymology: ''vælka'' is the reflex of PLB *wewənko, which meant “half”, thus ''vælknihæla'' is “half hundred” and ''māmyāvælka'' is “twelve on half”; ''māmimīram'' is literally “twelve [less] from ahead”. 1312 originally meant "one finger/three (''pāmvi'', the word for three, derives from ''pamih'', meaning "finger") in the second [dozen]", where the ''-hælī'' part is a worn form of ''hælinaikah''.

Numbers from 10012 to ƐƐƐ12 are still compounds, e.g. nihælaleil, nihæladani, and so on. Note that 16012 is most commonly ~~nihæltulūʔa~~, but the more literary form nihælvælka may still be heard.

Numbers from 10012 to ƐƐƐ12 are still compounds, e.g. nihælaleil, nihæladani, and so on. Note that 16012 is most commonly nihæltulūɂa, but the more literary form nihælvælka may still be heard.

The other hundreds are '''200''' (28810) daninihæla, '''300''' (43210) pāmvinihæla, '''400''' (57610) nęltenihæla, '''500''' (72010) šulknihæla, '''600''' (86410) tulūnihæla, '''700''' (100810) chīcænihæla, '''800''' (115210) tītinihæla, '''900''' (129610) mojanihæla, '''ᘔ00''' (144010) tåldanihæla, '''Ɛ00''' (158410) vældenihæla.

'''1.000''' (172810) is ''tildhā'' and numbers above are separate words, without saṃdhi, e.g. '''6.2ᘔ9''' (1078510) ''~~tulūʔa~~ tildhā daninihælatåldimāmimoja''.

'''1.000''' (172810) is ''tildhā'' and numbers above are separate words, without saṃdhi, e.g. '''6.2ᘔ9''' (1078510) ''tulūɂa tildhā daninihælatåldimāmimoja''.

Note that 2.00012 may be either one of ''tildhādi'', ''danīh tildhā'', or (only emphatically) ''danīh tildhādi''. As ''tildhā'' is a parrot gender noun, 3.00012 and 4.00012 are respectively ''pāmveh tildhā'' and ''nęlteh tildhā''.

Line 1,474:

Collectives are often used with the meaning of "all X of..." - e.g. ''tītyamūh lejīn dilu liju lilejlayivegde'' "all eight singers wanted to sing the same song" -, with the meaning of "X sets of" with pluralia and singularia tantum, e.g. ''pāmvimūh hærṣūs'' "three pairs of lips" (note that colloquial Chlouvānem increasingly often uses the cardinals here, e.g. ''pāmvi hærṣūs''), and with people and animals in order to say "a group of X", taken as a single entity: there can be subtle differences in meaning, e.g. ''chīka lalāruṇa tugīrante'' (with a cardinal) and ''chīkamūh lalāruṇa tugīrante'' (with a collective) both mean "seven ''lalāruṇai'' hit", but in the latter sentence the action it is implied to be a coordinate act of all seven animals, while in the former they either hit randomly or the coordination of the action is not specified (or not specification-worthy).

Distributives are indeclinable adjectives, and have the meaning of "X each": ''pāmvihaicė titė męlīran'' "three pens each are given"; ''lili liliā ñæltah no ~~tulūʔihaicė~~ kolecañi alau ulgutarate'' "my sister and I have bought six bottles of kvas each" — note in both sentences the use of singular number in ''titė'' (pencil) and ''alūs'' (gen. ''alau'') "bottle".

Distributives are indeclinable adjectives, and have the meaning of "X each": ''pāmvihaicė titė męlīran'' "three pens each are given"; ''lili liliā ñæltah no tulūɂihaicė kolecañi alau ulgutarate'' "my sister and I have bought six bottles of kvas each" — note in both sentences the use of singular number in ''titė'' (pencil) and ''alūs'' (gen. ''alau'') "bottle".

Fractionary numerals are always used in the noun.GEN numeral construction, and they are invariable in direct, vocative, accusative, and ergative case but decline with ''-vaḍa'' in all of the others (in fact, etymologically they derive from worn down forms of ordinal + ''vaḍa'', meaning Xth part, e.g. ''hælinaikah vaḍa'' (the second part) → ''hælinaivāṭ''). Unlike ordinals, the noun is always in the genitive case. Examples: ''marti hælinaivāṭ'' "half of the city" ; ''alāvi nęltendvāṭ'' "one fourth of the bottle" ; ''bhæli ~~tulūʔendvaḍe~~'' "in one sixth of the country".

Fractionary numerals are always used in the noun.GEN numeral construction, and they are invariable in direct, vocative, accusative, and ergative case but decline with ''-vaḍa'' in all of the others (in fact, etymologically they derive from worn down forms of ordinal + ''vaḍa'', meaning Xth part, e.g. ''hælinaikah vaḍa'' (the second part) → ''hælinaivāṭ''). Unlike ordinals, the noun is always in the genitive case. Examples: ''marti hælinaivāṭ'' "half of the city" ; ''alāvi nęltendvāṭ'' "one fourth of the bottle" ; ''bhæli tulūɂendvaḍe'' "in one sixth of the country".

===Units of Measurement===

Line 1,568:

|-

! tū

| ~~tulūʔendā~~ || ultimately from ''~~tulūʔendes~~'' (sixth) || 6 aut || 1,074 g

| tulūɂendā || ultimately from ''tulūɂendes'' (sixth) || 6 aut || 1,074 g

|-

! pau

@@ Line 1,393: / Line 1,393: @@
 |-
 ! 6
-| 6 || '''tulūʔa''' || tulūʔendes || tulūʔamūh || tulūʔihaicė || lātulūʔa || tulūʔendvāṭ
+| 6 || '''tulūɂa''' || tulūɂendes || tulūɂamūh || tulūɂihaicė || lātulūɂa || tulūɂendvāṭ
 |-
 ! 7
@@ Line 1,450: / Line 1,450: @@
 |}
-Numbers from 20<sub>12</sub> above are simply made by compounding teens and units with the appropriate saṃdhi changes, like 21<sub>12</sub> <small>(25<sub>10</sub>)</small> ''hælьmāmileil'' (-um, -a), and then ''hælьmāmidani'' (-īm, īh), ''hælьmāmipāmvi'' (-m, -eh), and so on. Note that other compounds with 6 use -tulūʔa and not -vælka as in 16<sub>12</sub>.<br/>
+Numbers from 20<sub>12</sub> above are simply made by compounding teens and units with the appropriate saṃdhi changes, like 21<sub>12</sub> <small>(25<sub>10</sub>)</small> ''hælьmāmileil'' (-um, -a), and then ''hælьmāmidani'' (-īm, īh), ''hælьmāmipāmvi'' (-m, -eh), and so on. Note that other compounds with 6 use -tulūɂa and not -vælka as in 16<sub>12</sub>.<br/>
 The other teens are: '''30''' <small>(36<sub>10</sub>)</small> pāmvimāmei, '''40''' <small>(48<sub>10</sub>)</small> nęltemāmei, '''50''' <small>(60<sub>10</sub>)</small> šulkmāmei, '''60''' <small>(72<sub>10</sub>)</small> vælknihæla, '''70''' <small>(84<sub>10</sub>)</small> māmyāvælka (regionally ''chīcæmāmei'', particularly in the East), '''80''' <small>(96<sub>10</sub>)</small> tītimāmei, '''90''' <small>(108<sub>10</sub>)</small> mojemāmei, '''ᘔ0''' <small>(120<sub>10</sub>)</small> tåldimāmei, '''Ɛ0''' <small>(132<sub>10</sub>)</small> māmimīram, and '''100''' nihæla.<br/>
 The apparent irregularities in the words for 60<sub>12</sub>, 70<sub>12</sub>, and Ɛ0<sub>12</sub> are explained by etymology: ''vælka'' is the reflex of PLB *wewənko, which meant “half”, thus ''vælknihæla'' is “half hundred” and ''māmyāvælka'' is “twelve on half”; ''māmimīram'' is literally “twelve [less] from ahead”. 13<sub>12</sub> originally meant "one finger/three (''pāmvi'', the word for three, derives from ''pamih'', meaning "finger") in the second [dozen]", where the ''-hælī'' part is a worn form of ''hælinaikah''.
-Numbers from 100<sub>12</sub> to ƐƐƐ<sub>12</sub> are still compounds, e.g. nihælaleil, nihæladani, and so on. Note that 160<sub>12</sub> is most commonly nihæltulūʔa, but the more literary form nihælvælka may still be heard.<br/>
+Numbers from 100<sub>12</sub> to ƐƐƐ<sub>12</sub> are still compounds, e.g. nihælaleil, nihæladani, and so on. Note that 160<sub>12</sub> is most commonly nihæltulūɂa, but the more literary form nihælvælka may still be heard.<br/>
 The other hundreds are '''200''' <small>(288<sub>10</sub>)</small> daninihæla, '''300''' <small>(432<sub>10</sub>)</small>  pāmvinihæla, '''400''' <small>(576<sub>10</sub>)</small>  nęltenihæla, '''500''' <small>(720<sub>10</sub>)</small> šulknihæla, '''600''' <small>(864<sub>10</sub>)</small> tulūnihæla, '''700''' <small>(1008<sub>10</sub>)</small> chīcænihæla, '''800''' <small>(1152<sub>10</sub>)</small> tītinihæla, '''900''' <small>(1296<sub>10</sub>)</small> mojanihæla, '''ᘔ00''' <small>(1440<sub>10</sub>)</small> tåldanihæla, '''Ɛ00''' <small>(1584<sub>10</sub>)</small> vældenihæla.<br/>
-'''1.000''' <small>(1728<sub>10</sub>)</small> is ''tildhā'' and numbers above are separate words, without saṃdhi, e.g. '''6.2ᘔ9''' <small>(10785<sub>10</sub>)</small> ''tulūʔa tildhā daninihælatåldimāmimoja''.<br/>
+'''1.000''' <small>(1728<sub>10</sub>)</small> is ''tildhā'' and numbers above are separate words, without saṃdhi, e.g. '''6.2ᘔ9''' <small>(10785<sub>10</sub>)</small> ''tulūɂa tildhā daninihælatåldimāmimoja''.<br/>
 Note that 2.000<sub>12</sub> may be either one of ''tildhādi'', ''danīh tildhā'', or (only emphatically) ''danīh tildhādi''. As ''tildhā'' is a parrot gender noun, 3.000<sub>12</sub> and 4.000<sub>12</sub> are respectively ''pāmveh tildhā'' and ''nęlteh tildhā''.
@@ Line 1,474: / Line 1,474: @@
 Collectives are often used with the meaning of "all X of..." - e.g. ''tītyamūh lejīn dilu liju lilejlayivegde'' "all eight singers wanted to sing the same song" -, with the meaning of "X sets of" with pluralia and singularia tantum, e.g. ''pāmvimūh hærṣūs'' "three pairs of lips" (note that colloquial Chlouvānem increasingly often uses the cardinals here, e.g. ''pāmvi hærṣūs''), and with people and animals in order to say "a group of X", taken as a single entity: there can be subtle differences in meaning, e.g. ''chīka lalāruṇa tugīrante'' (with a cardinal) and ''chīkamūh lalāruṇa tugīrante'' (with a collective) both mean "seven ''lalāruṇai'' hit", but in the latter sentence the action it is implied to be a coordinate act of all seven animals, while in the former they either hit randomly or the coordination of the action is not specified (or not specification-worthy).
-Distributives are indeclinable adjectives, and have the meaning of "X each": ''pāmvihaicė titė męlīran'' "three pens each are given"; ''lili liliā ñæltah no tulūʔihaicė kolecañi alau ulgutarate'' "my sister and I have bought six bottles of kvas each" — note in both sentences the use of singular number in ''titė'' (pencil) and ''alūs'' (gen. ''alau'') "bottle".
+Distributives are indeclinable adjectives, and have the meaning of "X each": ''pāmvihaicė titė męlīran'' "three pens each are given"; ''lili liliā ñæltah no tulūɂihaicė kolecañi alau ulgutarate'' "my sister and I have bought six bottles of kvas each" — note in both sentences the use of singular number in ''titė'' (pencil) and ''alūs'' (gen. ''alau'') "bottle".
-Fractionary numerals are always used in the noun.<small>GEN</small> numeral construction, and they are invariable in direct, vocative, accusative, and ergative case but decline with ''-vaḍa'' in all of the others (in fact, etymologically they derive from worn down forms of ordinal + ''vaḍa'', meaning Xth part, e.g. ''hælinaikah vaḍa'' (the second part) → ''hælinaivāṭ''). Unlike ordinals, the noun is always in the genitive case. Examples: ''marti hælinaivāṭ'' "half of the city" ; ''alāvi nęltendvāṭ'' "one fourth of the bottle" ; ''bhæli tulūʔendvaḍe'' "in one sixth of the country".
+Fractionary numerals are always used in the noun.<small>GEN</small> numeral construction, and they are invariable in direct, vocative, accusative, and ergative case but decline with ''-vaḍa'' in all of the others (in fact, etymologically they derive from worn down forms of ordinal + ''vaḍa'', meaning Xth part, e.g. ''hælinaikah vaḍa'' (the second part) → ''hælinaivāṭ''). Unlike ordinals, the noun is always in the genitive case. Examples: ''marti hælinaivāṭ'' "half of the city" ; ''alāvi nęltendvāṭ'' "one fourth of the bottle" ; ''bhæli tulūɂendvaḍe'' "in one sixth of the country".
 ===Units of Measurement===
@@ Line 1,568: / Line 1,568: @@
 |-
 ! tū
-| tulūʔendā || <small>ultimately from ''tulūʔendes'' (sixth)</small> || 6 aut || 1,074 g
+| tulūɂendā || <small>ultimately from ''tulūɂendes'' (sixth)</small> || 6 aut || 1,074 g
 |-
 ! pau