User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4: Difference between revisions

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==Todo==
==Todo==
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Phonotactics===
The maximal syllable structure is C(r/l)VC. A syllable is not allowed to terminate in a short vowel except in some function words.
Allowed initial clusters (not counting mutations): '''pr tr cr br dr gr fr ngr spr str scr pl cl bl gl fl spl scl ngl'''
===Initials===
===Initials===
{|class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center"
''p t k b d g'' = /p t k b d g/
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Laryngeal
|-
! <small>broad</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>broad</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>broad</small>
|-
!rowspan="2" | Nasal
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA|ʰmˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰmʲ}}
| {{IPA|ʰn̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰnʲ}}
| {{IPA|ʰɲ}} || {{IPA|ʰŋ}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|mˠ}} || {{IPA|mʲ}}
| {{IPA|n̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|nʲ}}
| {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
!rowspan="3" | Stop<br/>/Affricate
!<small>plain</small>
| ({{IPA|pˠ}}) || ({{IPA|pʲ}})
| {{IPA|t̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|tʲ}}
| {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>tense</small>
| ({{IPA|pˠ˭}}) || ({{IPA|pʲ˭}})
| {{IPA|t̪ˠ˭}} || {{IPA|tʲ˭}}
| {{IPA|c˭}} || {{IPA|k˭}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|bˠ}} || {{IPA|bʲ}}
| {{IPA|d̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|dʲ}}
| {{IPA|ɟ}} || {{IPA|g}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA|fˠ}} || {{IPA|fʲ}}
| {{IPA|sˠ}} || {{IPA|ɕ}}
| {{IPA|ç}} || {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|vˠ}} || {{IPA|vʲ}}
| ||
| {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|ɣ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Trill
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|ʰrˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰrʲ}}
| ||
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|rˠ}} || {{IPA|rʲ}}
| ||
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Lateral
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|ʰl̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰlʲ}}
| ||
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|l̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|lʲ}}
| ||
|
|}
 
*/ʰm ʰn ʰŋ ʰl ʰr/ are written '''sm sn sng sl sr'''.
*/p˭ t˭ k˭/ are written '''sp st sc'''.
 
===Vowels===
/ˠa ˠɪ ˠɔ ˠʊ ˠaː ˠeː ˠiː ˠoː ˠuː ˠuə/ '''a oi/ui o u à aè aoì ò ù ua'''
 
/ʲa ʲi ʲaː ʲeː ʲiː ʲoː ʲuː ʲiə/ '''ea i eà è/èi ì eò iù ia'''
 
===Finals===
The allowed finals are: /t k m n ŋ l r j w/ {{angbr|''d g m n ng l r igh bh''}}. Final ''d g'' are unreleased stops [-t̚ -k̚]. Final l is velarized [ɫ].
 
===Tones===
{{PAGENAME}} has three phonemic tones: high, low, falling (á, à/unmarked, â). Only long vowels have tones.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tone
!colspan=2 | Example
! Notes
|-
| Short || ''gran'' (petal) || /gˠrˠan/ ||
|-
| High || ''teó'' (stretch) || /tʲoː˥/ ||
|-
| Low || ''lùm'' (mold) || /lˠuːm˧˩/ || May be slightly breathy voiced.
|-
| Falling || ''sêigh'' (dough) || /sʲeːj˥˩/ ||
|}
 
===Mutations===
The following initials can undergo lenition or eclipsis:
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Initial mutations'''
|-
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''t''!!''d''!!''s''!!''c''!!''g''!!''∅''
|-
!IPA
|/m/||/p/||/b/||/f/||/t/||/d/||/s/||/k/||/g/||/ʔ/
|-
!|Lenited
!''mh''!!''ph''!!''bh''!!''fh''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''sh''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''∅''
|-
!IPA
|/v/||/f/||/v/||/h/||/h/||/ɣ/, /j/||/h/||/x/||/ɣ/, /j/||/ʔ/
|-
!|Eclipsed
!''-''!!''bp''!!''mb''!!''bhf''!!''dt''!!''nd''!!'-''!!''gc''!!''n-g''!!''n-''
|-
!IPA
|''-''||/b/||/m/||/v/||/d/||/n/||''-''||/g/||/ŋ/||/n/
|}
 
In addition, h-prothesis adds ''h-'' to the beginning of a word beginning with a vowel.
 
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Compound words are head-final: ''seól-thrùn'' = 'agenda book' (lit. 'check-book', i.e. a book that one checks)
 
Attributive adjectives precede the noun and take the same mutation as the noun. Examples:
*''an gò gaoì'' 'the tall tree' (nominative)
*''an n-gò dtrù'' 'the long book' (nominative)
 
====Indefinite mutations====
====Definite mutations====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Masculine definite mutations
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| h-prothesis || lenition
|-
! Def. acc.
| eclipsis || h-prothesis
|-
! Def. gen.
| lenition || eclipsis
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Feminine definite mutations
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| lenition || eclipsis
|-
! Def. acc.
| h-prothesis || lenition
|-
! Def. gen.
| eclipsis || h-prothesis
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Neuter definite mutations
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| eclipsis || h-prothesis
|-
! Def. acc.
| lenition || eclipsis
|-
! Def. gen.
| h-prothesis || lenition
|}
{{col-end}}
 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''gaoì'' 'tree' - masculine
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''an '''g'''aoì'' || ''na '''gh'''aoì''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''an '''ng'''aoì'' || ''na '''g'''aoì''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''an '''gh'''aoì'' || ''na '''ng'''aoì''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''crûaigh'' 'thought' - feminine
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''an '''chr'''ûaigh'' || ''na '''gcr'''ûaigh''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''an '''cr'''ûaigh'' || ''na '''chr'''ûaigh''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''an '''gcr'''ûaigh'' || ''na '''cr'''ûaigh''
|}
 
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''trùn'' 'book' - neuter
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''an '''dtr'''ùn'' || ''na '''tr'''ùn''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''an '''thr'''ùn'' || ''na '''dtr'''ùn''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''an '''tr'''ùn'' || ''na '''thr'''ùn''
|}
{{col-end}}
 
===Verb phrase===
Verbs do not inflect for subject agreement or tense; however, preverbal tense/discourse/connective markers trigger mutations on the verb. Unusually, connectives come immediately after the verb.
 
Tense:
*present: no marker
**''sèin'' = 'dies', ''eic'' /ʔɛk/ = 'buys'
*past: ''scuil'' + lenition
**''scuil shèin'' = 'died', ''scuil eic'' = 'bought'
*future: ''ngê'' + h-prothesis
**''ngê sèin'' = 'will die', ''ngê h-eic'' 'will buy'
*infinitive: ''go'' + lenition (from ''ge-'')
**''go shèin'' = 'to die'
Connectives:
*''geár'': 'when'
*''daoìgh'' + eclipsis: 'because' (< AW ''deichen'')
*''fàl'': 'but, however'


===Derivational morphology===
''ph th kh bh dh gh'' = /pʰ tʰ kʰ bʰ dʰ gʰ/
*''ba-'' + lenition: verbalizer
**''ba-thì'': 'nasalize' < ''tì'' 'nose'
*''go-'' + lenition (from ''ge-''): nominalizer
**also ''cor-''
*''inn-'': increments a verb's valency
*''sar-'': decrements a verb's velency


==Phrases==
''np nt nk nb nd ng'' /mp nt ŋk mb nd ŋg/
*Thank you = ''Gôr-má thà gad!''


==Sample texts==
''nph nth nkh nbh ndh ngh'' /mpʰ ntʰ ŋkʰ mbʰ ndʰ ŋgʰ/
===UDHR, Article 1===
:''Scuil shéibh bî-bî na fà go thúa mâ dè bân chor-stuid thàn creó dè thàn chor-cing. Séibh mî go [endowed with reason and conscience], dè [they should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood].''




[[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Pfeunic languages]][[Category:Wiebic languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Pseudo-Celtic]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Wiebic languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Pseudo-Celtic]]

Revision as of 20:19, 14 August 2017

Kurmian/Swadesh list

IlL/Spare pages 1/4 is a Quihum language spoken in Bjeheond. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong and Irish. Like Irish, it has initial consonant mutations.

Todo

Phonology

Initials

p t k b d g = /p t k b d g/

ph th kh bh dh gh = /pʰ tʰ kʰ bʰ dʰ gʰ/

np nt nk nb nd ng /mp nt ŋk mb nd ŋg/

nph nth nkh nbh ndh ngh /mpʰ ntʰ ŋkʰ mbʰ ndʰ ŋgʰ/

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