Aoma: Difference between revisions

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'''Aoma''' (''~~Bavom Bor~~'' Speaking of Ours) is a priori language created for the fantasy world of Grundet. Aoma and [[Rinap]] form the main languages of South-West-Herookuan family deriving from the ancestral [[Rinapri]]. ~~Though~~ Aoma is spoken in Eastern Sceptre it has not much to do with the languages of Western Sceptre.

'''Aoma''' (''Auma'' or ''Bowombor'' Speaking of Ours) is a priori language created for the fantasy world of Grundet. Aoma and [[Rinap]] form the main languages of South-West-Herookuan family deriving from the ancestral [[Rinapri]]. Aoma is the official spoken and governmental language of Eastern Sceptre, but it has not much to do with the languages of Western Sceptre. Word ''Aoma'' seems to come from the name of eastern area with coast temples, Kaomaago (''Kaa Omaike Hakoror'', At the coast of temples).

==Basic Grammar==

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To add further meaning to this declined "what?", helping words are used:

*''zoo gy?'' who? (what person), ''sos gys?'' whom?, ''soee gyee'' to whom? and ''sör gyr?'' whose?

*''zoo gy?'' (who?, what person), ''sos gys?'' (whom?), ''soee gyee'' (to whom?) and ''sör gyr?'' (whose?)

*''zoo ci?'' which place? (declinable) or ''zoxu?'' where? (LOC)

*''zoo ci?'' (which place?, declinable) or ''zoxu?'' (where?, LOC)

*''zoo la?'' what time? (declinable) or ''zax?'' when? (TEMP)

*''zoo la?'' (what time?, declinable) or ''zax?'' (when?, TEMP)

Or lone question words: ''zarre?'' why?, ''zurre?'' how?, ''zorri?'' what kind of?

Or lone question words: ''zarre?'' (why?), ''zurre?'' (how?), ''zorri?'' (what kind of?)

PREP is ACC + ''e'' and prepositional expressions are placed after the verb: ''Jetytse '''kys sose gyse''' cys?'' PERF-get-PRES.2SG from what.PREP person-PREP DEM.PROX.ACC From whom have you got this?

PREP is ACC + ''e'' and prepositional expressions are placed after the verb:

''Jetytse '''kys sose gyse''' cys?''

PERF-get-PRES.2SG from what.PREP person-PREP DEM.PROX.ACC

From whom have you got this?

===Nouns===

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The declension is shown with suffixes added to the stem gotten by removing the nominative vowel ending. Prepositional case is formed by adding ''e'' to the accusative.

Example word endings in all genders: ''eharr|a'' god, ''tym|y'' man, ''hen|u'' woman, ''dok|i'' object

Example word endings in all genders: ''eharr|a'' (god), ''tym|y'' (man), ''hen|u'' (woman), ''dok|i'' (object)

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===Adjectives===

Most adjectives can be recognised from their ''re'' or ''ri'' ending since they are formed from nouns simply by adding ''e'' to the genitive case. This is sometimes called the adjective case or adjective form of a noun.

Most adjectives can be recognised from their ''re'' or ''ri'' ending since they are formed from nouns simply by adding ''e'' to the genitive case. This is sometimes called the adjective case or adjective form of a noun. Other adjectives follow the noun declension when inflected together with their head.

====''Declension''====

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Last vowel remains when declined since it changes the meaning.

''~~her'''e'''~~'' good:

''ire'' (good):

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|-

! style="" | SG

|~~ir'''e'''~~

|ire

|~~ir'''e'''ke~~

|ireke

|~~ir'''e'''ki~~

|ireki

|~~irr'''e'''~~

|irre

|-

! style="" | PL

|~~ir'''e'''s~~

|ires

|~~ir'''e'''ce~~

|irece

|~~ir'''e'''ci~~

|ireci

|~~irr'''e'''s~~

|irres

|}

====''Adverbs''====

Adverbs are formed from adjectives' SG-GEN forms by changing the last vowel ''e''→''ä'' and ''i''→''a'': ''efire'' → ''efirre'' → ''efirrä'', happy → of happy → happily

Adverbs are formed from adjectives' SG-GEN forms by changing the last vowel ''e''→''ä'' and ''i''→''a'': ''efire'' → ''efirre'' → ''efirrä'' (happy → of happy → happily)

====''Comparison''====

Adjectives: Comparative is formed by adding second ''e'' to the SG-GEN, and superlative by adding ''a(n)'' prefix and ''te'' suffix to the SG-GEN: ''milarre'' → ''milarre'''e''''' → '''''a'''milarre'''te''''' ~~for~~ cold, colder, the coldest

Adjectives: Comparative is formed by adding second ''e'' to the SG-GEN, and superlative by adding ''a(n)'' prefix and ''te'' suffix to the SG-GEN: ''milarre'' → ''milarre'''e''''' → '''''a'''milarre'''te''''' (cold, colder, the coldest)

*When two nouns are compared, genitive case is used with the second: ''Nu efirree shyr.'' She is happier than him.

*When two nouns are compared, genitive case is used with the second: ''Nu efirree shyr.'' (She is happier than him.)

*Similarity is shown with adjective in nominative, ''mini'' (SJV it were) and dative: ''Mene geshare mini binuee foreki.'' You're as lively as your mother.

*Similarity is shown with adjective in nominative, ''mini'' (SJV it were) and dative: ''Mene geshare mini binuee foreki.'' (You're as lively as your mother.)

Adverbs' comparative through vowel lengthening and superlative by changing the last vowel of corresponding adjective superlative: ''efirrä'' → ''efirrää'' → ''anefirret'''ä''''', happily → more happily → most happily

Adverbs' comparative through vowel lengthening and superlative by changing the last vowel of corresponding adjective superlative: ''efirrä'' → ''efirrää'' → ''anefirret'''ä''''', (happily → more happily → most happily)

*Adverbs are added directly after the verb they modify: ''

*Adverbs are added directly after the verb they modify: ''Efas efirrä kuu ketikee.'' (They live happily in the town.)

Negative forms can be created with ''o(w)'' prefix.

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In Aoma, fusional prepositions also convey the word gender and definiteness through vowel change. Same prepositional stems have different ending consonants which give new meanings together with the case of the following word. Only prepositional and genitive cases are used.

*(NEG +) stem + D/F&N/M + endings '''+''' cases → Dictionary form is divine since it can have either ''a'' or ''o''

*''k + a/u/y + /k/s'' '''+''' PREP/GEN/PREP = at/into/from: ''kas eharroxe'' from gods

*''k + a/u/y + /k/s'' '''+''' PREP/GEN/PREP = at/into/from: ''kas eharroxe'' (from gods)

===Verbs===

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The conjugation stem is received by removing the last syllable, and then endings are added to its place.

'''Ia)''' last vowel ''a/o'': ''tol|l'''a''''' see

'''Ia)''' last vowel ''a/o'': ''tol|l'''a''''' (see)

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'''Ib)''' last vowel ''e'', often intransitive: ''rok|ke'' run, endings:

'''Ib)''' last vowel ''e'', often intransitive: e.g. ''rok|ke'' (run), endings:

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'''IIa)''' last consonant ''m'': ''s'''u'''m'' speak

'''IIa)''' last consonant ''m'': ''s'''u'''m'' (speak)

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'''IIb)''' last syllable ''tes''/''kes''/''hes'' (→ z, x, sh): ''ty|tes'' get, endings:

'''IIb)''' last syllable ''tes''/''kes''/''hes'' (→ z, x, sh) e.g. ''ty|tes'' (get), endings:

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Class III has verbs with multiple irregular forms often deriving from suppletion (use of other words in conjugation) or through phonemic changes during long history. This also includes a group of verbs whose infinite ends in ''u'', and sometimes depending on the presence of ''y'' they are marked as IIIa and IIIb while class IIII is solely for the irregular verbs.

''tel|lu'' to have

''tel|lu'' (to have)

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''wap|pe'' to go

''wap|pe'' (to go)

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''men|na'' to be

''men|na'' (to be)

* Indicative

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|menerty

|}

* Subjunctive: ''me'' + IND

* Subjunctive: ''me'' + IND for 1st and 2nd person, but ''mi'' + IND for 3rd person

* Eventive: ''em'' + COND

====''Aspects''====

Imperfective is formed by adding prefixes ''bo'' for Ia & IIa or ''be'' for Ib & IIb to the conjugated form and often also lengthening the last vowel: ''Pekin''→''Bopekiin'', I gave → I was giving

Imperfective is formed by adding prefixes ''bo'' for Ia & IIa or ''be'' for Ib & IIb to the conjugated form and often also lengthening the last vowel: ''Pekin''→''Bopekiin'' (I gave → I was giving)

Perfect prefixes: ''ju'' for Ia, ''ma'' for IIa and ''je'' for Ib & IIb: ''Roke'' → ''Jeroke'', You run → You have run

Perfect prefixes: ''ju'' for Ia, ''ma'' for IIa and ''je'' for Ib & IIb: ''Roke'' → ''Jeroke'' (You run → You have run)

Ancestral past in the third person is used when discussing ancient historical events and it is formed by adding the prefix ''ne'' to pluperfect (past perfect) form: ''Komai sish.'' → ''Jukomai sish.'' → ''Nejukomai sish.'', He did it. → He had done it. → He had done it a long time ago. ~~(or:~~ It was done eons ago.)

Ancestral past in the third person is used when discussing ancient historical events and it is formed by adding the prefix ''ne'' to pluperfect (past perfect) form: ''Komai sish.'' → ''Jukomai sish.'' → ''Nejukomai sish.'' (He did it. → He had done it. → He had done it a long time ago. / It was done eons ago.)

====''Moods''====

Indicative is shown in the tables above and other moods are derived from it:

*Plain imperative is formed simply by using the indicative present singular third person verb form together with a pronoun: '''''Peko foo''' sish naee!'' You give it to me!

*Plain imperative is formed simply by using the indicative present singular third person verb form together with a pronoun: '''''Peko foo''' sish naee!'' (You give it to me!)

*Optative is used for requests and as a polite imperative. It is formed by joining imperative and conjugated ''komma'' meaning ''to do'': ''Peko'''komu''' sish naee.'' Could you give it to me.

*Optative is used for requests and as a polite imperative. It is formed by joining imperative and conjugated ''komma'' meaning ''to do'': ''Peko'''komu''' sish naee.'' (Could you give it to me.)

*Permissive is used by those with higher social status for giving permissions to members of lower social classes. It is formed by using optative 3rd singular with personal pronoun datives: ''Rokkoma votei.'' You all are allowed to run.

*Permissive is used by those with higher social status for giving permissions to members of lower social classes. It is formed by using optative 3rd singular with personal pronoun datives: ''Rokkoma votei.'' (You all are allowed to run.)

*Conditional of conditional sentence apodoses is formed through final right-to-left reduplication and then conjugated normally: ''pekkokko'', ''vomvom'', ''tytestes'' so that ''Pekkokom'' means We would give

*Conditional of conditional sentence apodoses is formed through final right-to-left reduplication and then conjugated normally: ''pekkokko'', ''vomvom'', ''tytestes'' so that ''Pekkokom'' means "We would give".

*Subjunctive, which is used in some dependent clauses, is formed through initial left-to-right reduplication, but always with CV of VC parts of the first syllable: ''pepekko'', ''vovom'', ''tytytes'', ''ejejom''

*Subjunctive, which is used in some dependent clauses, is formed through initial left-to-right reduplication, but always with CV or VC parts of the first syllable: ''pepekko'', ''vovom'', ''tytytes'', ''ejejom''

*Double reduplication gives a mood similar to eventive and it is used in conditional sentence protasis and speculatives: ''Pekkokaran '''tetellulun'''.'' I would give '''if I had'''. (notice also the future tense of apodosis)

*Double reduplication gives a mood similar to eventive and it is used in conditional sentence protasis and speculatives: ''Pekkokaran '''tetellulun'''.'' (I would give '''if I had'''.) (notice also the future tense of apodosis)

====''Negation''====

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*SG: suvannoo, suvennoi, suvannaa

*PL: suvummoo, suvimmoi, suvummaa

Notice how ''suva'' also means I'm sorry.

Notice how ''suva'' also means "I'm sorry".

''Söm'' is used as an auxiliary together with the infinite form of a verb: ''Soleran.'' I will come. and ''Sörön solle.'' I won't come.

''Söm'' is used as an auxiliary together with the infinite form of a verb: ''Soleran.'' (I will come.) and ''Sörön solle.'' (I won't come.)

====''Interrogative''====

Question form of a verb is created by adding interrogative prefix ''so'': ''Vo.'' ~~He speaks.~~ → '''''So'''vo?'' Does he speak?

Question form of a verb is created by adding interrogative prefix ''so'': ''Vo.'' → '''''So'''vo?'' (He speaks. → Does he speak?)

Stress remains on the verb but pitch rises towards the end.

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In Aoma, there are ways for creating passive voices:

*1st (Impersonal) Passive: Passive infinite and derived forms: ''Rokke'' → '''''Bu'''rokke'''m'''''

**Present tense for general truths: ''Buefam ketixu.'' Cities are lived in.

**Present tense for general truths: ''Buefam ketixu.'' (Cities are lived in.)

**Imperfective aspect for current conditions: ''Bu'''bo'''rokkem ogehixu bor.'' Some people are running outside our house.

**Imperfective aspect for current conditions: ''Bu'''bo'''rokkem ogehixu bor.'' (Some people are running outside our house.)

**Perfect aspect for how things used to be: ''Bu'''na'''kommam irree.'' Things used to be done well.

**Perfect aspect for how things used to be: ''Bu'''na'''kommam irree.'' (Things used to be done well.)

**Subjunctive mood for how things could be: ''Bu'''ef'''efam exu.'' Here could one live.

**Subjunctive mood for how things could be: ''Bu'''ef'''efam exu.'' (Here could one live.)

*2nd (Personal) Passive: Conjugated construct (with accusative pronoun): ''Tolla'' → ''Butollam'' → ''Butollan.'' I am seen. and ''Sum'' → ''Busumum'' → ''Busumu musik.'' Food is eaten.

*2nd (Personal) Passive: Conjugated construct (with accusative pronoun): ''Tolla'' → ''Butollam'' → ''Butollan.'' (I am seen.) and ''Sum'' → ''Busumum'' → ''Busumu musik.'' (Food is eaten.)

*Present passive participle with nouns: ''Gehish '''gollana''' irre'' Houses '''been built''' well.

*Present passive participle with nouns: ''Gehish '''gollana''' irre'' (Houses '''been built''' well.)

===Derivational Morphology===

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The man I saw yesterday will come tomorrow.

*''Solase nalax tymy, tolin (sysh) rolax.'' Come-FUT.3SG tomorrow-TEMP man-NOM, see-PST.1SG (PN.3SG.M.ACC) yesterday-TEMP. or more poetic

*''Solase nalax tymy, tolin (sysh) rolax.''

*''Tolin tymys rolax, solase cy nalax.'' See-PST.1SG man-NOM yesterday-TEMP, come-FUT.3SG DEM.PROX tomorrow-TEMP

**Come-FUT.3SG tomorrow-TEMP man-NOM, see-PST.1SG (PN.3SG.M.ACC) yesterday-TEMP. or more poetic

*''Tolin tymys rolax, solase cy nalax.''

**See-PST.1SG man-NOM yesterday-TEMP, come-FUT.3SG DEM.PROX tomorrow-TEMP

Woman owning the object gives it to her.

*''Peko dokik zuee henu ''tel sish'' / ''sor tellupo''.'' Give-3SG object-ACC PN.3SG.F.DAT woman-NOM ''have.3SG PN.3SG.N.ACC''/''PN.3SG.N.GEN have-PRESP''. or

*''Peko dokik zuee henu ''tel sish'' / ''sor tellupo''.''

*''Peko henu ''dokir tellupo'' / ''dokik tel'' sish zuee.'' Give-3SG woman-NOM ''object-GEN have-PRESP''/''object-ACC have.3SG'' PN.3SG.N.ACC PN.3SG.F.DAT.

**Give-3SG object-ACC PN.3SG.F.DAT woman-NOM ''have.3SG PN.3SG.N.ACC''/''PN.3SG.N.GEN have-PRESP''. or

*''Peko henu ''dokir tellupo'' / ''dokik tel'' sish zuee.''

**Give-3SG woman-NOM ''object-GEN have-PRESP''/''object-ACC have.3SG'' PN.3SG.N.ACC PN.3SG.F.DAT.

====Conditional====

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====Anti-honorific====

If a person from higher social class is disappointed at you, he might use the anti-honorific ''öö''' clitic. Sometimes it is used after first person verb as self-anti-honorific together with second person honorifics to express respect even more strongly: ''Sovokomanöö wana haaNeteki?'' INT-speak.3SG-OPT-AntiHON PN.1SG.FORM HON-PN.2SG.POL.DAT May I speak to You, much higher than me.

If a person from higher social class is disappointed at you, he might use the anti-honorific ''öö''' clitic. Sometimes it is used after first person verb as self-anti-honorific together with second person honorifics to express respect even more strongly:

*''Sovokomanöö wana haaNeteki?''

**INT-speak.3SG-OPT-AntiHON PN.1SG.FORM HON-PN.2SG.POL.DAT

***May I speak to You, much higher than me.

[[Category:Languages]]

[[Category:Conlangs]]

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 {{construction}}
-'''Aoma''' (''Bavom Bor'' Speaking of Ours) is a priori language created for the fantasy world of Grundet. Aoma and [[Rinap]] form the main languages of South-West-Herookuan family deriving from the ancestral [[Rinapri]]. Though Aoma is spoken in Eastern Sceptre it has not much to do with the languages of Western Sceptre.
+'''Aoma''' (''Auma'' or ''Bowombor'' Speaking of Ours) is a priori language created for the fantasy world of Grundet. Aoma and [[Rinap]] form the main languages of South-West-Herookuan family deriving from the ancestral [[Rinapri]]. Aoma is the official spoken and governmental language of Eastern Sceptre, but it has not much to do with the languages of Western Sceptre. Word ''Aoma'' seems to come from the name of eastern area with coast temples, Kaomaago (''Kaa Omaike Hakoror'', At the coast of temples).
 ==Basic Grammar==
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 To add further meaning to this declined "what?", helping words are used:
-*''zoo gy?'' who? (what person), ''sos gys?'' whom?, ''soee gyee'' to whom? and ''sör gyr?'' whose?
+*''zoo gy?'' (who?, what person), ''sos gys?'' (whom?), ''soee gyee'' (to whom?) and ''sör gyr?'' (whose?)
-*''zoo ci?'' which place? (declinable) or ''zoxu?'' where? (LOC)
+*''zoo ci?'' (which place?, declinable) or ''zoxu?'' (where?, LOC)
-*''zoo la?'' what time? (declinable) or ''zax?'' when? (TEMP)
+*''zoo la?'' (what time?, declinable) or ''zax?'' (when?, TEMP)
-Or lone question words: ''zarre?'' why?, ''zurre?'' how?, ''zorri?'' what kind of?
+Or lone question words: ''zarre?'' (why?), ''zurre?'' (how?), ''zorri?'' (what kind of?)
-PREP is ACC + ''e'' and prepositional expressions are placed after the verb: ''Jetytse '''kys sose gyse''' cys?'' PERF-get-PRES.2SG from what.PREP person-PREP DEM.PROX.ACC From whom have you got this?
+PREP is ACC + ''e'' and prepositional expressions are placed after the verb:
+''Jetytse '''kys sose gyse''' cys?''
+PERF-get-PRES.2SG from what.PREP person-PREP DEM.PROX.ACC
+From whom have you got this?
 ===Nouns===
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 The declension is shown with suffixes added to the stem gotten by removing the nominative vowel ending. Prepositional case is formed by adding ''e'' to the accusative.
-Example word endings in all genders: ''eharr|a'' god, ''tym|y'' man, ''hen|u'' woman, ''dok|i'' object
+Example word endings in all genders: ''eharr|a'' (god), ''tym|y'' (man), ''hen|u'' (woman), ''dok|i'' (object)
 {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 375px; text-align:center;"
@@ Line 363: / Line 369: @@
 ===Adjectives===
-Most adjectives can be recognised from their ''re'' or ''ri'' ending since they are formed from nouns simply by adding ''e'' to the genitive case. This is sometimes called the adjective case or adjective form of a noun.
+Most adjectives can be recognised from their ''re'' or ''ri'' ending since they are formed from nouns simply by adding ''e'' to the genitive case. This is sometimes called the adjective case or adjective form of a noun. Other adjectives follow the noun declension when inflected together with their head.
 ====''Declension''====
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 Last vowel remains when declined since it changes the meaning.
-''her'''e''''' good:
+''ire'' (good):
 {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 300px; text-align:center;"
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 |-
 ! style="" | SG
-|ir'''e'''
+|ire
-|ir'''e'''ke
+|ireke
-|ir'''e'''ki
+|ireki
-|irr'''e'''
+|irre
 |-
 ! style="" | PL
-|ir'''e'''s
+|ires
-|ir'''e'''ce
+|irece
-|ir'''e'''ci
+|ireci
-|irr'''e'''s
+|irres
 |}
 ====''Adverbs''====
-Adverbs are formed from adjectives' SG-GEN forms by changing the last vowel ''e''→''ä'' and ''i''→''a'': ''efire'' → ''efirre'' → ''efirrä'', happy → of happy → happily
+Adverbs are formed from adjectives' SG-GEN forms by changing the last vowel ''e''→''ä'' and ''i''→''a'': ''efire'' → ''efirre'' → ''efirrä'' (happy → of happy → happily)
 ====''Comparison''====
-Adjectives: Comparative is formed by adding second ''e'' to the SG-GEN, and superlative by adding ''a(n)'' prefix and ''te'' suffix to the SG-GEN: ''milarre'' → ''milarre'''e''''' → '''''a'''milarre'''te''''' for cold, colder, the coldest
+Adjectives: Comparative is formed by adding second ''e'' to the SG-GEN, and superlative by adding ''a(n)'' prefix and ''te'' suffix to the SG-GEN: ''milarre'' → ''milarre'''e''''' → '''''a'''milarre'''te''''' (cold, colder, the coldest)
-*When two nouns are compared, genitive case is used with the second: ''Nu efirree shyr.'' She is happier than him.
+*When two nouns are compared, genitive case is used with the second: ''Nu efirree shyr.'' (She is happier than him.)
-*Similarity is shown with adjective in nominative, ''mini'' (SJV it were) and dative: ''Mene geshare mini binuee foreki.'' You're as lively as your mother.
+*Similarity is shown with adjective in nominative, ''mini'' (SJV it were) and dative: ''Mene geshare mini binuee foreki.'' (You're as lively as your mother.)
-Adverbs' comparative through vowel lengthening and superlative by changing the last vowel of corresponding adjective superlative: ''efirrä'' → ''efirrää'' → ''anefirret'''ä''''', happily → more happily → most happily
+Adverbs' comparative through vowel lengthening and superlative by changing the last vowel of corresponding adjective superlative: ''efirrä'' → ''efirrää'' → ''anefirret'''ä''''', (happily → more happily → most happily)
-*Adverbs are added directly after the verb they modify: ''
+*Adverbs are added directly after the verb they modify: ''Efas efirrä kuu ketikee.'' (They live happily in the town.)
 Negative forms can be created with ''o(w)'' prefix.
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 In Aoma, fusional prepositions also convey the word gender and definiteness through vowel change. Same prepositional stems have different ending consonants which give new meanings together with the case of the following word. Only prepositional and genitive cases are used.
 *(NEG +) stem + D/F&N/M + endings '''+''' cases → Dictionary form is divine since it can have either ''a'' or ''o''
-*''k + a/u/y +  /k/s'' '''+''' PREP/GEN/PREP = at/into/from: ''kas eharroxe'' from gods
+*''k + a/u/y +  /k/s'' '''+''' PREP/GEN/PREP = at/into/from: ''kas eharroxe'' (from gods)
 ===Verbs===
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 The conjugation stem is received by removing the last syllable, and then endings are added to its place.
-'''Ia)''' last vowel ''a/o'': ''tol|l'''a''''' see
+'''Ia)''' last vowel ''a/o'': ''tol|l'''a''''' (see)
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 ! style="width: 75px; "|
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 |}
-'''Ib)''' last vowel ''e'', often intransitive: ''rok|ke'' run, endings:
+'''Ib)''' last vowel ''e'', often intransitive: e.g. ''rok|ke'' (run), endings:
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-'''IIa)''' last consonant ''m'': ''s'''u'''m'' speak
+'''IIa)''' last consonant ''m'': ''s'''u'''m'' (speak)
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-'''IIb)''' last syllable ''tes''/''kes''/''hes'' (→ z, x, sh): ''ty|tes'' get, endings:
+'''IIb)''' last syllable ''tes''/''kes''/''hes'' (→ z, x, sh) e.g. ''ty|tes'' (get), endings:
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 Class III has verbs with multiple irregular forms often deriving from suppletion (use of other words in conjugation) or through phonemic changes during long history. This also includes a group of verbs whose infinite ends in ''u'', and sometimes depending on the presence of ''y'' they are marked as IIIa and IIIb while class IIII is solely for the irregular verbs.
-''tel|lu'' to have
+''tel|lu'' (to have)
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-''wap|pe'' to go
+''wap|pe'' (to go)
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-''men|na'' to be
+''men|na'' (to be)
 * Indicative
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-* Subjunctive: ''me'' + IND
+* Subjunctive: ''me'' + IND for 1st and 2nd person, but ''mi'' + IND for 3rd person
 * Eventive: ''em'' + COND
 ====''Aspects''====
-Imperfective is formed by adding prefixes ''bo'' for Ia & IIa or ''be'' for Ib & IIb to the conjugated form and often also lengthening the last vowel: ''Pekin''→''Bopekiin'', I gave → I was giving
+Imperfective is formed by adding prefixes ''bo'' for Ia & IIa or ''be'' for Ib & IIb to the conjugated form and often also lengthening the last vowel: ''Pekin''→''Bopekiin'' (I gave → I was giving)
-Perfect prefixes: ''ju'' for Ia, ''ma'' for IIa and ''je'' for Ib & IIb: ''Roke'' → ''Jeroke'', You run → You have run
+Perfect prefixes: ''ju'' for Ia, ''ma'' for IIa and ''je'' for Ib & IIb: ''Roke'' → ''Jeroke'' (You run → You have run)
-Ancestral past in the third person is used when discussing ancient historical events and it is formed by adding the prefix ''ne'' to pluperfect (past perfect) form: ''Komai sish.'' → ''Jukomai sish.'' →  ''Nejukomai sish.'', He did it. → He had done it. → He had done it a long time ago. (or: It was done eons ago.)
+Ancestral past in the third person is used when discussing ancient historical events and it is formed by adding the prefix ''ne'' to pluperfect (past perfect) form: ''Komai sish.'' → ''Jukomai sish.'' →  ''Nejukomai sish.'' (He did it. → He had done it. → He had done it a long time ago. / It was done eons ago.)
 ====''Moods''====
 Indicative is shown in the tables above and other moods are derived from it:
-*Plain imperative is formed simply by using the indicative present singular third person verb form together with a pronoun: '''''Peko foo''' sish naee!'' You give it to me!
+*Plain imperative is formed simply by using the indicative present singular third person verb form together with a pronoun: '''''Peko foo''' sish naee!'' (You give it to me!)
-*Optative is used for requests and as a polite imperative. It is formed by joining imperative and conjugated ''komma'' meaning ''to do'': ''Peko'''komu''' sish naee.'' Could you give it to me.
+*Optative is used for requests and as a polite imperative. It is formed by joining imperative and conjugated ''komma'' meaning ''to do'': ''Peko'''komu''' sish naee.'' (Could you give it to me.)
-*Permissive is used by those with higher social status for giving permissions to members of lower social classes. It is formed by using optative 3rd singular with personal pronoun datives: ''Rokkoma votei.'' You all are allowed to run.
+*Permissive is used by those with higher social status for giving permissions to members of lower social classes. It is formed by using optative 3rd singular with personal pronoun datives: ''Rokkoma votei.'' (You all are allowed to run.)
-*Conditional of conditional sentence apodoses is formed through final right-to-left reduplication and then conjugated normally: ''pekkokko'', ''vomvom'', ''tytestes'' so that ''Pekkokom'' means We would give
+*Conditional of conditional sentence apodoses is formed through final right-to-left reduplication and then conjugated normally: ''pekkokko'', ''vomvom'', ''tytestes'' so that ''Pekkokom'' means "We would give".
-*Subjunctive, which is used in some dependent clauses,  is formed through initial left-to-right reduplication, but always with CV of VC parts of the first syllable: ''pepekko'', ''vovom'', ''tytytes'', ''ejejom''
+*Subjunctive, which is used in some dependent clauses,  is formed through initial left-to-right reduplication, but always with CV or VC parts of the first syllable: ''pepekko'', ''vovom'', ''tytytes'', ''ejejom''
-*Double reduplication gives a mood similar to eventive and it is used in conditional sentence protasis and speculatives: ''Pekkokaran '''tetellulun'''.'' I would give '''if I had'''. (notice also the future tense of apodosis)
+*Double reduplication gives a mood similar to eventive and it is used in conditional sentence protasis and speculatives: ''Pekkokaran '''tetellulun'''.'' (I would give '''if I had'''.) (notice also the future tense of apodosis)
 ====''Negation''====
@@ Line 858: / Line 864: @@
 *SG: suvannoo, suvennoi, suvannaa
 *PL: suvummoo, suvimmoi, suvummaa
-Notice how ''suva'' also means I'm sorry.
+Notice how ''suva'' also means "I'm sorry".
-''Söm'' is used as an auxiliary together with the infinite form of a verb: ''Soleran.'' I will come. and ''Sörön solle.'' I won't come.
+''Söm'' is used as an auxiliary together with the infinite form of a verb: ''Soleran.'' (I will come.) and ''Sörön solle.'' (I won't come.)
 ====''Interrogative''====
-Question form of a verb is created by adding interrogative prefix ''so'': ''Vo.'' He speaks. → '''''So'''vo?'' Does he speak?
+Question form of a verb is created by adding interrogative prefix ''so'': ''Vo.'' → '''''So'''vo?''  (He speaks. → Does he speak?)
 Stress remains on the verb but pitch rises towards the end.
@@ Line 878: / Line 884: @@
 In Aoma, there are ways for creating passive voices:
 *1st (Impersonal) Passive: Passive infinite and derived forms: ''Rokke'' → '''''Bu'''rokke'''m'''''
-**Present tense for general truths: ''Buefam ketixu.'' Cities are lived in.
+**Present tense for general truths: ''Buefam ketixu.'' (Cities are lived in.)
-**Imperfective aspect for current conditions: ''Bu'''bo'''rokkem ogehixu bor.'' Some people are running outside our house.
+**Imperfective aspect for current conditions: ''Bu'''bo'''rokkem ogehixu bor.'' (Some people are running outside our house.)
-**Perfect aspect for how things used to be: ''Bu'''na'''kommam irree.'' Things used to be done well.
+**Perfect aspect for how things used to be: ''Bu'''na'''kommam irree.'' (Things used to be done well.)
-**Subjunctive mood for how things could be: ''Bu'''ef'''efam exu.'' Here could one live.
+**Subjunctive mood for how things could be: ''Bu'''ef'''efam exu.'' (Here could one live.)
-*2nd (Personal) Passive: Conjugated construct (with accusative pronoun): ''Tolla'' → ''Butollam'' → ''Butollan.'' I am seen. and ''Sum'' → ''Busumum'' → ''Busumu musik.'' Food is eaten.
+*2nd (Personal) Passive: Conjugated construct (with accusative pronoun): ''Tolla'' → ''Butollam'' → ''Butollan.'' (I am seen.) and ''Sum'' → ''Busumum'' → ''Busumu musik.'' (Food is eaten.)
-*Present passive participle with nouns: ''Gehish '''gollana''' irre'' Houses '''been built''' well.
+*Present passive participle with nouns: ''Gehish '''gollana''' irre'' (Houses '''been built''' well.)
 ===Derivational Morphology===
@@ Line 925: / Line 931: @@
 The man I saw yesterday will come tomorrow.
-*''Solase nalax tymy, tolin (sysh) rolax.'' Come-FUT.3SG tomorrow-TEMP man-NOM, see-PST.1SG (PN.3SG.M.ACC) yesterday-TEMP. or more poetic
+*''Solase nalax tymy, tolin (sysh) rolax.''
-*''Tolin tymys rolax, solase cy nalax.'' See-PST.1SG man-NOM yesterday-TEMP, come-FUT.3SG DEM.PROX tomorrow-TEMP
+**Come-FUT.3SG tomorrow-TEMP man-NOM, see-PST.1SG (PN.3SG.M.ACC) yesterday-TEMP. or more poetic
+*''Tolin tymys rolax, solase cy nalax.''
+**See-PST.1SG man-NOM yesterday-TEMP, come-FUT.3SG DEM.PROX tomorrow-TEMP
 Woman owning the object gives it to her.
-*''Peko dokik zuee henu ''tel sish'' / ''sor tellupo''.'' Give-3SG object-ACC PN.3SG.F.DAT woman-NOM ''have.3SG PN.3SG.N.ACC''/''PN.3SG.N.GEN have-PRESP''. or
+*''Peko dokik zuee henu ''tel sish'' / ''sor tellupo''.''
-*''Peko henu ''dokir tellupo'' / ''dokik tel'' sish zuee.'' Give-3SG woman-NOM ''object-GEN have-PRESP''/''object-ACC have.3SG'' PN.3SG.N.ACC PN.3SG.F.DAT.
+**Give-3SG object-ACC PN.3SG.F.DAT woman-NOM ''have.3SG PN.3SG.N.ACC''/''PN.3SG.N.GEN have-PRESP''. or
+*''Peko henu ''dokir tellupo'' / ''dokik tel'' sish zuee.''
+**Give-3SG woman-NOM ''object-GEN have-PRESP''/''object-ACC have.3SG'' PN.3SG.N.ACC PN.3SG.F.DAT.
 ====Conditional====
@@ Line 942: / Line 952: @@
 ====Anti-honorific====
-If a person from higher social class is disappointed at you, he might use the anti-honorific ''öö''' clitic. Sometimes it is used after first person verb as self-anti-honorific together with second person honorifics to express respect even more strongly: ''Sovokomanöö wana haaNeteki?'' INT-speak.3SG-OPT-AntiHON PN.1SG.FORM HON-PN.2SG.POL.DAT May I speak to You, much higher than me.
+If a person from higher social class is disappointed at you, he might use the anti-honorific ''öö''' clitic. Sometimes it is used after first person verb as self-anti-honorific together with second person honorifics to express respect even more strongly:
+*''Sovokomanöö wana haaNeteki?''
+**INT-speak.3SG-OPT-AntiHON PN.1SG.FORM HON-PN.2SG.POL.DAT
+***May I speak to You, much higher than me.
 [[Category:Languages]]
 [[Category:Conlangs]]