Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions
| Line 196: | Line 196: | ||
The Chlouvānem verb (''daradhūs'', pl. ''daradhūve'') is the most inflected part of speech; its most basic forms are fusional, but many more specific formations are more agglutinative due to their origin from old Proto-Lahob particles or participles. | The Chlouvānem verb (''daradhūs'', pl. ''daradhūve'') is the most inflected part of speech; its most basic forms are fusional, but many more specific formations are more agglutinative due to their origin from old Proto-Lahob particles or participles. | ||
The first and most important division we can find in Chlouvānem verbs is the distinction between '''exterior '''(''kauyāva'') and '''interior''' (''nañyāva'') verbs. This may at first seem a voice system, but it must be distinguished from the true voices in Chlouvānem conjugation. The difference between them is mostly lexical: native grammarians distinguish exterior verbs as describing "activities or states that involve interactions with outside the self", and interior verbs as affecting principally the self. Exterior verbs are those we could most easily compare to active verbs in English, while interior verbs are a somewhat "catch-all" category including many distinct meanings, most notably middle-voice, reflexive and reciprocal ones, but also all adjectival verbs as well as peculiar and somewhat independent meanings for some verbs. Many verbs can be conjugated both as exterior and as interior and they often have differences in meaning - e.g. ''gṇyauke ''means “to give birth” when exterior and “to be born” when interior. | The first and most important division we can find in Chlouvānem verbs is the distinction - a category called, with noticeable metaphorical use, ''chlærim'' (light) by native grammarians - between '''exterior '''(''kauyāva'') and '''interior''' (''nañyāva'') verbs. This may at first seem a voice system, but it must be distinguished from the true voices in Chlouvānem conjugation. The difference between them is mostly lexical: native grammarians distinguish exterior verbs as describing "activities or states that involve interactions with outside the self", and interior verbs as affecting principally the self. Exterior verbs are those we could most easily compare to active verbs in English, while interior verbs are a somewhat "catch-all" category including many distinct meanings, most notably middle-voice, reflexive and reciprocal ones, but also all adjectival verbs as well as peculiar and somewhat independent meanings for some verbs. Many verbs can be conjugated both as exterior and as interior and they often have differences in meaning - e.g. ''gṇyauke ''means “to give birth” when exterior and “to be born” when interior - commonly, the interior has the intransitive meaning and the exterior the transitive one - cf. ''lęlširu'' "I shake" vs. ''lęlšute'' "I shake (something)". | ||
Potentially every Chlouvānem verb, no matter if exterior or interior, has a '''causative''' (''drildyāva'') conjugation which is considered an inflection and not a derivation, even if the meanings may vary: ''mišake'' is an extreme example as each form has a different meaning (with particularly interior forms having many meanings) - non-causative exterior ''mešu'' "I am seen", interior ''meširu'' "I know; I see myself"; and causative exterior ''maišildeyam'' "I am shown", interior ''maišildreyam'' "I learn; I show myself <small>(trans.)</small>". | Potentially every Chlouvānem verb form, no matter if exterior or interior, has a '''causative''' (''drildyāva'') conjugation which is considered an inflection and not a derivation, even if the meanings may vary: ''mišake'' is an extreme example as each form has a different meaning (with particularly interior forms having many meanings) - non-causative exterior ''mešu'' "I am seen", interior ''meširu'' "I know; I see myself"; and causative exterior ''maišildeyam'' "I am shown", interior ''maišildreyam'' "I learn; I show myself <small>(trans.)</small>". | ||
Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for seven '''voices''' (''tadgeroe'', pl. ''tadgerenī''), each one putting one of seven different core elements as the ''direct-case argument'', usually for means of topicalization or definiteness; they reflect the Austronesian-type morphosyntactical alignment of the language. The seven voices are, for exterior verbs: | Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for seven '''voices''' (''tadgeroe'', pl. ''tadgerenī''), each one putting one of seven different core elements as the ''direct-case argument'', usually for means of topicalization or definiteness; they reflect the Austronesian-type morphosyntactical alignment of the language. The seven voices are, for exterior verbs: | ||
| Line 212: | Line 212: | ||
Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for four different '''tense-aspect combinations''' (simply ''tenses'' (''avyāṣa'' - pl. ''avyāṣai'')): '''present''' (''kaminænikire avyāṣa''), '''past''' (''dāṃdenire avyāṣa''), '''perfect''' (''mīraṃnajausire avyāṣa''), and '''future''' (''lallāmiti avyāṣa''); other distinctions may be built periphrastically (most notably ''imperfect'', ''pluperfect'' and ''future perfect''). Tenses are the “basic unit” verbs conjugate in: all tenses conjugate for nine persons (1st-2nd-3rd in singular, dual and plural; note though that 3rd singular and 3rd plural are identical in the perfect). Note that some moods do only distinguish between imperfective and perfective aspect. | Chlouvānem verbs also conjugate for four different '''tense-aspect combinations''' (simply ''tenses'' (''avyāṣa'' - pl. ''avyāṣai'')): '''present''' (''kaminænikire avyāṣa''), '''past''' (''dāṃdenire avyāṣa''), '''perfect''' (''mīraṃnajausire avyāṣa''), and '''future''' (''lallāmiti avyāṣa''); other distinctions may be built periphrastically (most notably ''imperfect'', ''pluperfect'' and ''future perfect''). Tenses are the “basic unit” verbs conjugate in: all tenses conjugate for nine persons (1st-2nd-3rd in singular, dual and plural; note though that 3rd singular and 3rd plural are identical in the perfect). Note that some moods do only distinguish between imperfective and perfective aspect. | ||
The last inflectional category of Chlouvānem verbs is the '''mood''' (''darišam'', pl. ''darišye''). Chlouvānem grammarians traditionally distinguish only five moods, which are those that have their own specific terminations: | |||
* '''indicative''' (''chlåvdiausire darišam'') - the realis mood; | * '''indicative''' (''chlåvdiausire darišam'') - the realis mood; | ||
* '''imperative''' (''spruvyūkire darišam'') - used for giving orders or commands; | * '''imperative''' (''spruvyūkire darišam'') - used for giving orders or commands; | ||
* '''optative''' (''purmanūkire darišam'') - used to express wishes or hopes; | * '''optative''' (''purmanūkire darišam'') - used to express wishes or hopes; | ||
* '''propositive''' (''maikitūkire darišam'') - used to express proposals (e.g. let’s X; why don’t you X); | * '''propositive''' (''maikitūkire darišam'') - used to express proposals (e.g. let’s X; why don’t you X); | ||
* '''subjunctive''' (''milkausire darišam'') - used to express general advices (jussive use), purpose (supine use), unreal things that may happen or might have happened, and also syntactically conditioned by some particles. | * '''subjunctive''' (''milkausire darišam'') - used to express general advices (jussive use), purpose (supine use), unreal things that may happen or might have happened, and also syntactically conditioned by some particles. | ||
* | There are a few more forms that can't be strictly considered moods because they can appear in all of the five actual moods, and are thus called ''junia'', pl. ''juniai'' (literally "shade, hue, dye") by Chlouvānem grammarians: they are actually regular derivational patterns, that are considered inflectional due to them being possible for all verbs. There are four ''juniai'': | ||
* '''desiderative''' (''daudiūkire junia'') - used to express a desire or will (e.g. I want to X); | |||
* '''necessitative''' (''rileyūkire junia'') - used to express need or obligation (e.g. I have to X); | |||
* '''potential''' (''novire junia'') - used to express the ability to do something (e.g. I can [= am able to] X) | |||
* '''permissive''' (''drippūkire junia'') - used to express the permission to do something (e.g. I can [= I’m allowed to] X) | |||
Finally, there are a further six forms which are called "secondary moods" (''šudarišam'', pl. ''-šye''). They are: | |||
* four of them (only used with the indicative mood) express '''evidentiality''', namely: certainty (also '''energetic mood'''), deduction, dream, specifically invented situation, and hearsay (also '''inferential mood'''); | |||
* two '''consequential moods''': one expressing ''cause'' (e.g. “because X”), the other ''opposition'' (e.g. “although X”). | * two '''consequential moods''': one expressing ''cause'' (e.g. “because X”), the other ''opposition'' (e.g. “although X”). | ||
Chlouvānem verbs also have a '''non-finite form''' (''lailehūkire daradhūs'') (the '''-ke''' form, called '''infinitive''' hereafter). | Chlouvānem verbs also have a '''non-finite form''' (''lailehūkire daradhūs'') (the '''-ke''' form, called '''infinitive''' hereafter). | ||
| Line 645: | Line 646: | ||
Optative and propositive moods are made starting from the same stem; these stem use the same terminations as regular (a-type verbs) present for the imperfective aspect and regular past for the perfective; propositive mood uses the imperative ones. | Optative and propositive moods are made starting from the same stem; these stem use the same terminations as regular (a-type verbs) present for the imperfective aspect and regular past for the perfective; propositive mood uses the imperative ones. | ||
The stem is formed by taking the root with vowel lengthening and adding '''-eina-''' after consonants ('''-ouna-''' after '''l''') and '''-vūna-''' after vowels. | The optative stem is formed by taking the root (or a stem of one of the four ''juniai'') with vowel lengthening and adding '''-eina-''' after consonants ('''-ouna-''' after '''l''') and '''-vūna-''' after vowels. | ||
Example (''nāmvake'' “to crush, press”): | Example (''nāmvake'' “to crush, press”): | ||
| Line 652: | Line 653: | ||
* Propositive: ext. ''nāmveinikṣam'', ''nāmveineik'', ''nāmveineitte'', … int. ''nāmveinirkam'', …; caus. ext. ''nāmveiniljam'', …; caus. int. ''nāmveinildṛṣam'', ... | * Propositive: ext. ''nāmveinikṣam'', ''nāmveineik'', ''nāmveineitte'', … int. ''nāmveinirkam'', …; caus. ext. ''nāmveiniljam'', …; caus. int. ''nāmveinildṛṣam'', ... | ||
===The desiderative | ===The desiderative=== | ||
The desiderative | The desiderative ''junia'' uses a special stem, formed with reduplication of the root plus '''-s'''. The resulting stem conjugates as any root verb. | ||
Reduplication adds the first consonant of the verb (except prefixes) and its first vowel (always oral short).There are however some special rules followed in reduplicating: | Reduplication adds the first consonant of the verb (except prefixes) and its first vowel (always oral short).There are however some special rules followed in reduplicating: | ||
| Line 678: | Line 679: | ||
In many of the northeastern and northwestern lands of the Inquisition, the analytic ''infinitive + daudike'' construction is used instead of the synthetic desiderative in almost any case. | In many of the northeastern and northwestern lands of the Inquisition, the analytic ''infinitive + daudike'' construction is used instead of the synthetic desiderative in almost any case. | ||
Examples of desiderative | Examples of desiderative stems are:
| ||
* ''peithake'' “to go (multid.)”, root ''peith-'' → ''pe-peith-s'' → ''pepeits-
'' | * ''peithake'' “to go (multid.)”, root ''peith-'' → ''pe-peith-s'' → ''pepeits-
'' | ||
* ''lgutake'' “to buy”, root ''lgut-'' → ''nu-lgot-s'' → ''nulgots-'' | * ''lgutake'' “to buy”, root ''lgut-'' → ''nu-lgot-s'' → ''nulgots-'' | ||
| Line 692: | Line 693: | ||
* ''milke'' “to take”: ''mūṃchl-''. | * ''milke'' “to take”: ''mūṃchl-''. | ||
===The necessitative | ===The necessitative=== | ||
The necessitative | The necessitative ''junia'' is formed and conjugates much like the desiderative; it uses a stem formed by reduplication and adding '''-asya-''', with normal saṃdhi changes. | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
| Line 701: | Line 702: | ||
* ''valde'' “to open” → ''vuldasya-'' | * ''valde'' “to open” → ''vuldasya-'' | ||
===The potential | ===The potential=== | ||
The potential | The potential ''junia'' also conjugates in all tenses and aspects and has a stem formed with initial reduplication. It is formed by adding '''-(e)nā-''' to the root and behaves as a fourth conjugation verb, adding an epenthetic -n before vocalic endings. Note that ''-r-nā-'' becomes '''-rṇā-''' due to saṃdhi. | ||
Examples: ''peithake'' → ''pepeithnā-'' ; ''gṇyauke'' → ''gagṇyaunā-'' ; ''nilyake'' → ''ninelyenā-''. | Examples: ''peithake'' → ''pepeithnā-'' ; ''gṇyauke'' → ''gagṇyaunā-'' ; ''nilyake'' → ''ninelyenā-''. | ||
| Line 708: | Line 709: | ||
A special case of saṃdhi occurs in roots which end in a single '''-g''' or '''-k''': this consonant becomes '''-gh''' and the '''-n''' in the suffix becomes retroflex, e.g. ''mūmikke'' "to dance", root ''mūmik-'' > ''mumūmighṇā-'' ; ''dilge'' “to pour", root ''dig-'' > ''dideghṇā-''. | A special case of saṃdhi occurs in roots which end in a single '''-g''' or '''-k''': this consonant becomes '''-gh''' and the '''-n''' in the suffix becomes retroflex, e.g. ''mūmikke'' "to dance", root ''mūmik-'' > ''mumūmighṇā-'' ; ''dilge'' “to pour", root ''dig-'' > ''dideghṇā-''. | ||
===The permissive | ===The permissive=== | ||
The permissive | The permissive ''junia'' also conjugates in all tenses and aspects and is formed, without reduplication, by vowel lengthening and adding '''-ipp(u)-'''. | ||
Examples: ''mišake'' → ''mīšippu-'' > '' | Examples: ''mišake'' → ''mīšippu-'' > ''mīšippu'' "I am allowed to see", ''mīšippum'' “I was allowed to see”. | ||
Bisyllabic roots which have as their second syllable an unstressed vowel between two consonants that may form an allowed cluster (thus sonorant-vowel-stop/fricative, except ''-m-velar'') lose this vowel while adding the suffix, e.g. ''nąroṃke'' > ''nąrmippu-''. | Bisyllabic roots which have as their second syllable an unstressed vowel between two consonants that may form an allowed cluster (thus sonorant-vowel-stop/fricative, except ''-m-velar'') lose this vowel while adding the suffix, e.g. ''nąroṃke'' > ''nąrmippu-''. | ||
| Line 857: | Line 858: | ||
=====Other primary moods===== | =====Other primary moods===== | ||
All other primary mood formations use irregular stems, except for the subjunctive, hypothetical, and imperative which are the only ones using ''gya-'' as in the infinitive: ''jeiv-a-'' for the optative and propositive, ''muñj-a-'' for the desiderative, ''mokṣy-a-'' for the necessitative, ''ginā-'' for the potential and ''maippu | All other primary mood formations use irregular stems, except for the subjunctive, hypothetical, and imperative which are the only ones using ''gya-'' as in the infinitive: ''jeiv-a-'' for the optative and propositive, ''muñj-a-'' for the desiderative, ''mokṣy-a-'' for the necessitative, ''ginā-'' for the potential and ''maippu-'' for the permissive. | ||
Present tense or imperfective aspect of all other primary moods included as examples in this table: | Present tense or imperfective aspect of all other primary moods included as examples in this table: | ||
| Line 864: | Line 865: | ||
! Person !! Imperative !! Subjunctive !! Optative !! Propositive !! Desiderative !! Necessitative !! Potential !! Permissive | ! Person !! Imperative !! Subjunctive !! Optative !! Propositive !! Desiderative !! Necessitative !! Potential !! Permissive | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1SG || gyekṣam || gyatiam || jeivu || jeivikṣam || muñju || mokṣyu || ginau || | | 1SG || gyekṣam || gyatiam || jeivu || jeivikṣam || muñju || mokṣyu || ginau || maippu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2SG || gyekṣa || gīsei || jeivi || jeivikṣa || muñji || mokṣyi || ginai || | | 2SG || gyekṣa || gīsei || jeivi || jeivikṣa || muñji || mokṣyi || ginai || maippi | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3SG || gyekṣai || gīti || jeivė || jeivikṣai || muñje || mokṣyė || ginai || | | 3SG || gyekṣai || gīti || jeivė || jeivikṣai || muñje || mokṣyė || ginai || maippė | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 1DU || — || gīderam || jeivayou || — || muñjayou || mokṣyayou || gināyou || maippuyou | | 1DU || — || gīderam || jeivayou || — || muñjayou || mokṣyayou || gināyou || maippuyou | ||
| Line 880: | Line 881: | ||
| 2PL || gyekṣus || gīniši || jeivašin || jeivikṣus || muñjašin || mokṣyašin || gināšin || maippušin | | 2PL || gyekṣus || gīniši || jeivašin || jeivikṣus || muñjašin || mokṣyašin || gināšin || maippušin | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3PL || gyekṣat || gīyevatь || jeivīran || jeivikṣat || muñjīran || mokṣīran || gineran || | | 3PL || gyekṣat || gīyevatь || jeivīran || jeivikṣat || muñjīran || mokṣīran || gineran || maippīran | ||
|} | |} | ||