Lahob languages: Difference between revisions

Line 53:

==Proto-Lahob==

===Phonology===

Proto-Lahob's reconstructed phonemic inventory is almost universally agreed on by Calemerian linguists (apart from the phonemicity of *ŋʷ), with only some doubts about the realizations of certain phonemes. Its consonant inventory was the following:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |

|-

! colspan=2 | → PoA ↓ Manner !! Labials !! Dentals !! Palatals !! Velars !! Labiovelars !! Laryngeals

|-

! colspan=2 | Nasals

| m || n || || ŋ || (ŋʷ) || ɴ

|-

! rowspan=2 | Stops !! Unvoiced

| p pʰ || t̪ t̪ʰ || c cʰ || k kʰ || kʷ kʷʰ ||

|-

! Voiced

| b bʱ || d̪ d̪ʱ || ɟ ɟʱ || g gʱ || gʷ gʷʱ ||

|-

! colspan=2 | Fricatives

| f v || s ɬ || š || x ɣ || || h ʕ

|-

! colspan=2 | Approximants

| || r l || j || || w ||

|}

The exact quality of the reconstructed phonemes '''*š''' and '''*ʕ''' is unclear. For ''*š'', the various theories are about substantially close phones such as [ʃ ʂ ɕ] or even [ç]. ''*ʕ'' is much more problematic. In most Lahob languages, this phoneme is only shown by its effect on neighboring vowels, which is different depending on the language but it always backs the vowel, lowers it, or does both. Chlouvānem is the exception as it directly reflects it, without any change in vowel quality, as its infamous /ɴ̆/ phoneme, whose extremely high occurrence is due to Proto-Lahob *ʕ, *l, and *ŋ having all merged into it. As, however, other Lahob languages have a backed or lowered vowel, but never a nasalized one in the contexts where *ʕ is reconstructed, Calemerian linguists think that the Chlouvānem phoneme being nasal is a post-Proto-Lahob development.

An easy example word is the first person pronoun *ʕiŋi, which is reflected as:

* Chlouvānem ''lili''

* Proto-Central-Lahobic *ɛŋi > Łaȟoḇszer ''ên'' /ɛn/, Łokow ''eng'' /eŋ/, Yełeshian Lawo ''yeng'' /jeŋ/, Shershan Lawo ''êŋ'' /ɛŋ/

* Proto-Pwaɬasd-Ngos *oŋi > Tundra Pwaɬasd ''oni'' /ɔni/, Ngos ''ani'' /ani/

===Morphology===

@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 ==Proto-Lahob==
+===Phonology===
+Proto-Lahob's reconstructed phonemic inventory is almost universally agreed on by Calemerian linguists (apart from the phonemicity of *ŋʷ), with only some doubts about the realizations of certain phonemes. Its consonant inventory was the following:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
+|-
+! colspan=2 | → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labials !! Dentals !! Palatals !! Velars !! Labiovelars !! Laryngeals
+|-
+! colspan=2 | Nasals
+| m || n || || ŋ || (ŋʷ) || ɴ
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Stops !! <small>Unvoiced</small>
+| p pʰ || t̪ t̪ʰ || c cʰ || k kʰ || kʷ kʷʰ ||
+|-
+! <small>Voiced</small>
+| b bʱ || d̪ d̪ʱ || ɟ ɟʱ || g gʱ || gʷ gʷʱ ||
+|-
+! colspan=2 | Fricatives
+| f v || s ɬ || š || x ɣ ||  || h ʕ
+|-
+! colspan=2 | Approximants
+| || r l || j || || w ||
+|}
+The exact quality of the reconstructed phonemes '''*š''' and '''*ʕ''' is unclear. For ''*š'', the various theories are about substantially close phones such as [ʃ ʂ ɕ] or even [ç]. ''*ʕ'' is much more problematic. In most Lahob languages, this phoneme is only shown by its effect on neighboring vowels, which is different depending on the language but it always backs the vowel, lowers it, or does both. Chlouvānem is the exception as it directly reflects it, without any change in vowel quality, as its infamous /ɴ̆/ phoneme, whose extremely high occurrence is due to Proto-Lahob *ʕ, *l, and *ŋ having all merged into it. As, however, other Lahob languages have a backed or lowered vowel, but never a nasalized one in the contexts where *ʕ is reconstructed, Calemerian linguists think that the Chlouvānem phoneme being nasal is a post-Proto-Lahob development.
+An easy example word is the first person pronoun *ʕiŋi, which is reflected as:
+* Chlouvānem ''lili''
+* Proto-Central-Lahobic *ɛŋi > Łaȟoḇszer ''ên'' /ɛn/, Łokow ''eng'' /eŋ/, Yełeshian Lawo ''yeng'' /jeŋ/, Shershan Lawo ''êŋ'' /ɛŋ/
+* Proto-Pwaɬasd-Ngos *oŋi > Tundra Pwaɬasd ''oni'' /ɔni/, Ngos ''ani'' /ani/
 ===Morphology===