Pomorian North-Western dialects: Difference between revisions

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The Western dialect has a [[w:Pitch accent (intonation)|pitch-accent]] while Northern has lost it gaining a fixed initial stress as in German. The Western dialect has the same accent types as in the standard: the falling accent - ''tvírdagalså'' - which can be long - ''dìlgå'' (marked with an acute) - or short - ''cẽrtå'' (marked with a grave) and the rising accent - ''lìkugalså'' (marked with a circumflex or a tilde). However in some words with the rising accent in the standard there is a falling accent (''tvirdagalså'') while ''tvirdagalså certå'' can be retracted to a previous syllable. For example ''dąbù'' (oak) is ''dǻmbu'' in Western dialect and ''doambu'' in Northern.
The Western dialect has a [[w:Pitch accent (intonation)|pitch-accent]] while Northern has lost it gaining a fixed initial stress as in German. The Western dialect has the same accent types as in the standard: the falling accent - ''tvírdagalså'' - which can be long - ''dìlgå'' (marked with an acute) - or short - ''cẽrtå'' (marked with a grave) and the rising accent - ''lìkugalså'' (marked with a circumflex or a tilde). However in some words with the rising accent in the standard there is a falling accent (''tvirdagalså'') while ''tvirdagalså certå'' can be retracted to a previous syllable. For example ''dąbù'' (oak) is ''dǻmbu'' in Western dialect and ''doambu'' in Northern.
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
North-Western Pomorian nouns decline in a similar way to the standard patterns. The main difference is a dual number being fully present in every declension and not just as a relics as in the Pomorian proper.  Nouns have seven cases: '''Nominative''', '''Genitive''', '''Dative''', '''Accusative''', '''Instrumental''', '''Locative''' and '''Vocative'''.
====First declension====
'''-e (masculine), -a (feminine), -å (neuter)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| gróde = hail
! colspan=3| galvà = head
! colspan=3| mariå̀ = sea
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|gród'''e''' ||gród'''a''' ||gród'''ė'''
|galv'''à''' ||gãlv'''ė''' ||gãlv'''o'''
|màrj'''å''' ||màrj'''ė''' ||marj'''ó'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|gród'''o''' ||gród'''uo''' ||gród'''ų'''
|galv'''ó''' ||galv'''óu''' ||galv'''ų́'''
|màrj'''o''' ||marj'''uõ''' ||marj'''ų́'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|gród'''ou''' ||gród'''umu''' ||gród'''am'''
|gãlv'''ei''' ||galv'''ómu''' ||gàlv'''om'''
|màrj'''ou''' ||marj'''àmu''' ||màrj'''am'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|gród'''ą''' ||gród'''a''' ||gród'''u'''
|gãlv'''ą''' ||gàlv'''ė''' ||gãlv'''e'''
|màrj'''ą''' ||màrj'''ė''' ||màrj'''e'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|gród'''um''' ||gród'''umu''' ||gród'''ėmy'''
|gãlv'''ają''' ||gãlv'''ómu''' ||galv'''omy͂'''
|màrj'''åm''' ||mar'''àmu''' ||marj'''amy͂'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|gród'''ė''' ||gród'''uo''' ||gród'''ėch'''
|gàlv'''ojė''' ||gãlv''ou''' ||gãlv'''os'''
|marj'''ėjė͂''' ||màrj'''uõ''' ||màrj'''os'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|gród'''ei''' ||gród'''a''' ||gród'''ė'''
|gãlv'''a''' ||gãlv'''ė''' ||gãlv'''o'''
|màrj'''a''' ||màrj''ė''' ||màrj'''o'''
|-
|}
====Second declension====
'''-i (masculine), -i (feminine)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| zvėrì = mammal
! colspan=3| ugnì = fire
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|zvėr'''ì''' ||zvė́r'''i''' ||zvė́r'''ije'''
|ugn'''ì''' ||ugn'''ì''' ||ugn'''ý'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|zvėr'''ý''' ||zvėr'''iuõ''' ||zvėr'''ijų́'''
|ugn'''ý''' ||ugn'''iúo''' ||ugn'''ių́'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|zvė́r'''iui''' ||zvėr'''ìmu''' ||zvėr'''ìm'''
|ugn'''éi''' ||ugn'''ìmu''' ||ugn'''ìm'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|zvė́r'''į''' ||zvė́r'''i''' ||zvė͂r'''į'''
|ugn'''į́''' ||ugn'''ì''' ||ugn'''į́'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|zvė́r'''im''' ||zvėr'''ìmu''' ||zvėr'''imy͂'''
|ugn'''ìją''' ||ugn'''ìmu''' ||ugn'''ìmy'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|zvėr'''ie͂''' ||zvėr'''iuõ''' ||zvė́r'''ich'''
|ugn'''ýjė''' ||ugn'''iúo''' ||ugn'''ìch'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|zvė́r'''ie''' ||zvė́r'''i''' ||zvėr'''ie͂'''
|ugn'''ý''' ||ugn'''ì''' ||ugn'''ý'''
|-
|}
====Third declension====
'''-u (masculine, neuter)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| sūnù = son
! colspan=3| ledù = ice
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|sūn'''ù''' ||sū́n'''ū''' ||sū͂n'''ave'''
|led'''ù''' ||lèd'''ū''' ||le͂d'''ū'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|sūn'''uõ''' ||sūn'''óu''' ||sū́n'''avų'''
|led'''uõ''' ||led'''óu''' ||led'''ų́'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|sū́n'''ave''' ||sūn'''ùmu''' ||sūn'''ùm'''
|lèd'''ou''' ||led'''ùmu''' ||led'''ùm'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|sū͂n'''ų''' ||sū́n'''ū''' ||sū͂n'''ų'''
|le͂d'''ų''' ||lèd'''ū''' ||le͂d'''ų'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|sū́n'''um''' ||sūn'''ùmu''' ||sūn'''umy͂'''
|lèd'''um''' ||led'''ùmu''' ||led'''umy͂'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|sūn'''óu''' ||sūn'''óu''' ||sū́n'''uch'''
|led'''ùju''' ||led'''óu''' ||lèd'''uch'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|sūn'''uõ''' ||sū́n'''ū''' ||sū͂n'''ave'''
|led'''uõ''' ||lèd'''ū''' ||le͂d'''ū'''
|-
|}
====Fourth declension====
'''-ū (feminine)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| brū͂ = eyebrow
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|br'''ū͂''' ||br'''ùvi''' ||br'''ùvy'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|br'''uvý'''  ||br'''ùvuo''' ||br'''uvų́'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|br'''uvė́'''  ||br'''uvìmu''' ||br'''ùvim'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|br'''ùvų''' ||br'''ùvi''' ||br'''ùvų'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|br'''ùve''' ||br'''uvìmu''' ||br'''uvimy͂'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|br'''uvė́''' ||br'''ùvuo''' ||br'''ùvich'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|br'''ùvy''' ||br'''ùvi''' ||br'''ùvy'''
|-
|}
====Fifth declension====
'''*-n (feminine), *-n (neuter)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| elū́ = deer
! colspan=3| ìmnę = name
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|el'''ū́''' ||el'''èni''' ||el'''èny'''
|ìmn'''ę''' ||imn'''èni''' ||imn'''enè'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|el'''èny''' ||el'''ènuo''' ||el'''ènų'''
|imn'''ený''' ||imn'''enuõ''' ||imn'''enų́'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|el'''èniė''' ||el'''ènimu''' ||el'''ènim'''
|ìmn'''enė''' ||imn'''ènimu''' ||imn'''enìm'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|el'''ènį''' ||el'''èni''' ||el'''ènį'''
|ìmn'''enį''' ||imn'''èni''' ||ìmn'''enį'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|el'''ène''' ||el'''ènimu''' ||el'''ènimy'''
|ìmn'''enim''' ||imn'''ènimu''' ||imn'''enimy͂'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|el'''ènė''' ||el'''ènuo''' ||el'''ènich'''
|imn'''enė́''' ||imn'''enuõ''' ||ìmn'''enich'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|el'''ène''' ||el'''èni''' ||el'''èny'''
|ìmn'''ene''' ||ìmn'''eni''' ||ìmn'''enė'''
|-
|}
====Sixth declension====
'''*-t, *-s *-r (neuter, feminine), bróti (-r, masculine)'''
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=3| telę́ = calf
! colspan=3| kãkla = wheel
! colspan=3|bróti = brother
|-
!
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
!singular
!dual
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|tel'''ę́''' ||tel'''ę́ti''' ||tel'''ę́te'''
|kãkl'''a''' ||kãkl'''esi''' ||kakl'''esè'''
|brót'''i''' ||brót'''eri''' ||brót'''erė'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|tel'''ę́ty''' ||tel'''ę́tuo''' ||tel'''ę́tų'''
|kãkl'''esy''' ||kakl'''esuõ''' ||kakl'''esų́'''
|brót'''ery''' ||brót'''eruo''' ||brót'''erų'''
|-
|align="right" |'''Dative'''
|tel'''ę́tė''' ||tel'''ę́timu''' ||tel'''ę́tim'''
|kãkl'''esė''' ||kakl'''esĩmu''' ||kakl'''esìm'''
|brót'''erė''' ||brót'''erimu''' ||brót'''erim'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Accusative'''
|tel'''ę́tį''' ||tel'''ę́ti''' ||tel'''ę́tį'''
|kãkl'''esį''' ||kãkl'''esi''' ||kàkl'''esį'''
|brót'''erį''' ||brót'''eri''' ||brót'''esį'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Instrumental'''
|tel'''ę́tim''' ||tel'''ę́timu''' ||tel'''ę́timy'''
|kãkl'''esim''' ||kakl'''esĩmu''' ||kakl'''esimy͂'''
|brót'''erim''' ||brót'''erimu''' ||brót'''esimy'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Locative'''
|tel'''ę́tė''' ||tel'''ę́tuo''' ||tel'''ę́tich'''
|kakl'''erė́''' ||kakl'''esuõ''' ||kàkl'''esich'''
|brót'''erė''' ||brót'''eruo''' ||brót'''erich'''
|-
|align="right"|'''Vocative'''
|tel'''ę́tie''' ||tel'''ę́ti''' ||tel'''ę́tė'''
|kakl'''ese͂''' ||kàkl'''esi''' ||kakl'''esė́'''
|brót'''ere''' ||brót'''eri''' ||brót'''erė'''
|-
|}


[[Category:Pamarėska]]
[[Category:Pamarėska]]

Revision as of 16:15, 17 October 2017

The North-Western group is a dialectal group of the Pomorian language spoken mostly in the eastern part of Puck County and in Rumina, Reda and Weiherinå gminas (which are the western part of Pomorze wschodnie in Poland). It is often referred to as pamarėska uzskąda (Western Pomorian), sometimes also as pumurėlina guora/galba and is considered being a separate language by its native speakers.

History

Western dialects started diverging from Old Pomorian approximately in the VIth-VIIth century, which is a very long time for a dialect. It came from lands in between Masuria and Ziemia lubawska and slowly migrated to its current lands by the end of the XIII century. During this time Western Pomorians came into contact with slavic Pomeranians and their dialect was influenced by Slovincian and Kashubian spoken there. A partial assimilation with those peoples gave birth to Northern and South-Western dialects.

From the XIII century onwards, Western Pomorians dispersed on the rest Pomorian territory intermixing with local population. During this process Central and Southern dialectal groups began forming and thus creating a dialectal continuum from Western to Eastern groups of dialects.

Under German rule Northern dialect was heavily influenced by Low German resulting in some new features of it such as an initial stress and loss of the pitch accent. however morphology stayed quite intact preserving some archaic features not present in Pomorian standard.

The earliest writings in Pomerellian appeared in the XIVth century the most famous of which is "Gudoniskė Predihtė" ("Gdańskie kazania" in Polish). The first written phrase was from 1395: "Ate Nassye kao essi annebesseich", which is the first line of the Lord's Prayer.

Phonology

The Pomerellian phonology is very similar to the standard with main features being:

  • lack of nasalization before plosives;
  • preservation of k, g before front vowels in some ablaut alterations and after s;
  • lack of shortening of old diphthongs *au and *ai at the end of the word;
  • narrowing of au to ou;
  • no palatalization before front vowels, however it depends on a speaker (usually only y can cause palatalization);
  • no /c/, /ɟ/ palatalization to /t͡ɕ/, /d͡ʑ/;

Vowels

Long vowels
Western dialect Front Back
oral nasal oral nasal
Close y /i:/ į /ĩ:/ ū /u:/ ų /ũ:/
Mid ė /ɛː~eː/ o /ɔː~oː/
Open-mid e (/æ:/) ę /æ̃:/ å (/ɔː/) ą /ɔ̃:/
Open a (/a:/)
Short vowels
Front Back
Close i /i~ɪ/ u /u~ʊ/
Open-mid e /ɛ/
Open a /ɑ/ å /ɒ/

Note:

  • Allophones /æ:/, /a:/, /ɔː/ appear only under circumflex accent.
Diphthongs
ie /ie/ uo /uo/ ei /eɪ/ ou /oʊ/ ui /uɪ/
Long vowels
Northern dialect Front Back
oral nasal oral nasal
Close y /i:/ į /ĩ:/ ū /u:/ ų /ũ:/
Mid ė /eɪ~eː/ o /oʊ~oː/
Open-mid ē /æ:/ ę /æ̃:/ ą /ɔ̃:/
Open ā /a:/
Short vowels
Front Back
Close i /i~ɪ/ u /u~ʊ/
Open-mid e /ɛ/
Open a /ɑ/ å /ɒ/
Diphthongs
ie /ɪe/ ea /ɛæ/ oa /ɔɒ/ uo /uo/ ei /eɪ~ɪ:/ ou /ɔʊ~ʊ:/

Consonants

Consonants
Labial Dental Palato-alveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal m n̪ ɲ
Plosive voiceless p t̪ c k
voiced b d̪ ɟ g
Affricate voiceless t̪͡s̪ t͡sʲ~t͡ɕ 1
voiced d̪͡z̪ d͡zʲ~d͡ʑ 1
Fricative voiceless (f) 2 s̪ sʲ~ɕ 1 ʆ 3 h
voiced z̪ zʲ~ʑ 1 (ɦ) 4
Trill r (rʲ) 5
Approximant w~ʋ 6 j
Lateral approximant l ʎ

Notes:

  • 1 Depends on speaker. Affricates [t͡ɕ], [d͡ʑ] are considered to be a Polish influence.
  • 2 Occures only in borrowings.
  • 3 Pronunciation varies from [ʃ] to [ʂ] in different speakers with the latter being more common.
  • 4 [ɦ] is an allophone of /h/ in the intervocal position.
  • 5 Does not appear in most North-Western dialects and is usually pronounced as as a sequence [rj] or plain [r]. It is also pronounced as [r̝] by some northern speakers - a unique feature of the Northern dialect.
  • 6 [w] occures after back vowels, while [ʋ] - after front ones.

Prosody

The Western dialect has a pitch-accent while Northern has lost it gaining a fixed initial stress as in German. The Western dialect has the same accent types as in the standard: the falling accent - tvírdagalså - which can be long - dìlgå (marked with an acute) - or short - cẽrtå (marked with a grave) and the rising accent - lìkugalså (marked with a circumflex or a tilde). However in some words with the rising accent in the standard there is a falling accent (tvirdagalså) while tvirdagalså certå can be retracted to a previous syllable. For example dąbù (oak) is dǻmbu in Western dialect and doambu in Northern.

Grammar

Nouns

North-Western Pomorian nouns decline in a similar way to the standard patterns. The main difference is a dual number being fully present in every declension and not just as a relics as in the Pomorian proper. Nouns have seven cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Instrumental, Locative and Vocative.

First declension

-e (masculine), -a (feminine), -å (neuter)

gróde = hail galvà = head mariå̀ = sea
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative gróde gróda gródė galvà gãlvė gãlvo màrjå màrjė marjó
Genitive gródo gróduo gródų galvó galvóu galvų́ màrjo marjuõ marjų́
Dative gródou gródumu gródam gãlvei galvómu gàlvom màrjou marjàmu màrjam
Accusative gródą gróda gródu gãlvą gàlvė gãlve màrją màrjė màrje
Instrumental gródum gródumu gródėmy gãlvają gãlvómu galvomy͂ màrjåm maràmu marjamy͂
Locative gródė gróduo gródėch gàlvojė gãlvou' gãlvos marjėjė͂ màrjuõ màrjos
Vocative gródei gróda gródė gãlva gãlvė gãlvo màrja màrjė' màrjo

Second declension

-i (masculine), -i (feminine)

zvėrì = mammal ugnì = fire
singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative zvėrì zvė́ri zvė́rije ugnì ugnì ugný
Genitive zvėrý zvėriuõ zvėrijų́ ugný ugniúo ugnių́
Dative zvė́riui zvėrìmu zvėrìm ugnéi ugnìmu ugnìm
Accusative zvė́rį zvė́ri zvė͂rį ugnį́ ugnì ugnį́
Instrumental zvė́rim zvėrìmu zvėrimy͂ ugnìją ugnìmu ugnìmy
Locative zvėrie͂ zvėriuõ zvė́rich ugnýjė ugniúo ugnìch
Vocative zvė́rie zvė́ri zvėrie͂ ugný ugnì ugný

Third declension

-u (masculine, neuter)

sūnù = son ledù = ice
singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative sūnù sū́nū sū͂nave ledù lèdū le͂dū
Genitive sūnuõ sūnóu sū́navų leduõ ledóu ledų́
Dative sū́nave sūnùmu sūnùm lèdou ledùmu ledùm
Accusative sū͂nų sū́nū sū͂nų le͂dų lèdū le͂dų
Instrumental sū́num sūnùmu sūnumy͂ lèdum ledùmu ledumy͂
Locative sūnóu sūnóu sū́nuch ledùju ledóu lèduch
Vocative sūnuõ sū́nū sū͂nave leduõ lèdū le͂dū

Fourth declension

-ū (feminine)

brū͂ = eyebrow
singular dual plural
Nominative brū͂ brùvi brùvy
Genitive bruvý brùvuo bruvų́
Dative bruvė́ bruvìmu brùvim
Accusative brùvų brùvi brùvų
Instrumental brùve bruvìmu bruvimy͂
Locative bruvė́ brùvuo brùvich
Vocative brùvy brùvi brùvy

Fifth declension

*-n (feminine), *-n (neuter)

elū́ = deer ìmnę = name
singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative elū́ elèni elèny ìmnę imnèni imnenè
Genitive elèny elènuo elènų imnený imnenuõ imnenų́
Dative elèniė elènimu elènim ìmnenė imnènimu imnenìm
Accusative elènį elèni elènį ìmnenį imnèni ìmnenį
Instrumental elène elènimu elènimy ìmnenim imnènimu imnenimy͂
Locative elènė elènuo elènich imnenė́ imnenuõ ìmnenich
Vocative elène elèni elèny ìmnene ìmneni ìmnenė

Sixth declension

*-t, *-s *-r (neuter, feminine), bróti (-r, masculine)

telę́ = calf kãkla = wheel bróti = brother
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural
Nominative telę́ telę́ti telę́te kãkla kãklesi kaklesè bróti bróteri bróterė
Genitive telę́ty telę́tuo telę́tų kãklesy kaklesuõ kaklesų́ brótery bróteruo bróterų
Dative telę́tė telę́timu telę́tim kãklesė kaklesĩmu kaklesìm bróterė bróterimu bróterim
Accusative telę́tį telę́ti telę́tį kãklesį kãklesi kàklesį bróterį bróteri brótesį
Instrumental telę́tim telę́timu telę́timy kãklesim kaklesĩmu kaklesimy͂ bróterim bróterimu brótesimy
Locative telę́tė telę́tuo telę́tich kaklerė́ kaklesuõ kàklesich bróterė bróteruo bróterich
Vocative telę́tie telę́ti telę́tė kaklese͂ kàklesi kaklesė́ brótere bróteri bróterė
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