|
|
| Line 820: |
Line 820: |
| * ''rileike'' "to need" has the expected ''ei → ey'' change in the present, but adds ''-n-'' in the past instead: ''rileyu, rileyi, rileyė...'' but ''rileinu, rileinei, rileik''... | | * ''rileike'' "to need" has the expected ''ei → ey'' change in the present, but adds ''-n-'' in the past instead: ''rileyu, rileyi, rileyė...'' but ''rileinu, rileinei, rileik''... |
| * ''lįke'' "to swim (monodirectional) and ''mųke'' "to jump (monodirectional)" behave before vowels as if their stems were (ablauting) *lis- and *mus-: pres. exterior ''lesu, lesi, lesė''...; past exterior ''lisau, lisei, lįk''. | | * ''lįke'' "to swim (monodirectional) and ''mųke'' "to jump (monodirectional)" behave before vowels as if their stems were (ablauting) *lis- and *mus-: pres. exterior ''lesu, lesi, lesė''...; past exterior ''lisau, lisei, lįk''. |
|
| |
| ''æflike'' (to plan, to be going to) is an unmarked agentive verb, which is only conjugated as agentive, and has an irregular present stem ''æftil-'', with a zero ending for the third person singular. It usually only takes verbs or verbal phrases as arguments, e.g. ''keitu dhāsmike æftil'' "(s)he is going/plans to save the whale".<br/>
| |
| Note that the defectiveness does not apply to its derived forms - e.g. ''švæflike'' (to believe): ''švæftilu'' "I am believed", ''šuteyæftilu'' "I believe" - and ''æflike'' itself has regular causative forms (with the meaning of "make X intend to do").
| |
|
| |
| Four verbs have further irregularities:
| |
| * The singular present indicative forms of ''flulke'' are irregular ''flå'', ''flin'', and ''fliven''.
| |
| * ''milke'' uses the stem ''milk-'' also in the singular present indicative: ''milku'', ''milki'', ''milkė''.
| |
| * ''flulke'' and ''męlike'' have the irregular optative stems ''fleina-'' and ''męliouna-'' (instead of expected *fluneina- and *męlieina-). ''męlike'' also has the irregular desiderative stem ''mimęñ-''.
| |
| * ''lilke'' has and the irregular indicative perfect stem ''lælī-''.
| |
|
| |
| The pair ''tamišake⁓tildake'' (to look at) is not counted as one of the thirteen irregular verbs, but ''tildake'' is an unmarked agentive verb, while ''tamišake'' is used in all other voices. Note that however ''tamišake'' also has a regular agentive voice, synonymous with ''tildake'': ''teldu'' ⁓ ''tatemešu'' (I look at). The verb ''najake'' "to happen" (explained below among the compounds of ''gyake'') is also sometimes considered irregular, as a verb with an unmarked dative-trigger voice.<br/>Prefixed motion verbs are also not marked for voice in the patient- and agent-trigger ones (with only cases on nouns distinguishing them), but that is considered a particular but regular behaviour of a semantically defined subset of verbs.
| |
|
| |
|
| ====The verb "to be" (gyake)==== | | ====The verb "to be" (gyake)==== |