Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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===Verb classes and infinitive===

~~Verbs,~~ in Chlouvānem, ~~are conjugated depending on ''verb classes'' or ''conjugations''~~. ~~There are four main patterns:~~

When talking about the regularity in the conjugation of Chlouvānem verbs, most Chlouvānem linguists consider the vast majority of verbs as regular. In fact, the same suffixes are used in conjugating almost all verbs and highly irregular verbs are often only small exceptions (''gyake'' "to be" and ''flulke'' "to go on foot (monodirectional)" are the most notable ones, having many suppletive stems). However, despite this regularity, Chlouvānem verbs are divided into lots of small classes, each one having only a few members, that have different stem vowels in various forms - typically, the 3SG forms of the present, past, and perfect are used as principal parts (with the infinitive often - but not always! - having the same vowel as the present).

* '''a-root''', ~~or '''thematic''':~~ the ~~most basic~~ and ~~regular, formed by adding~~ ''~~'a'~~'' to ~~the root before non-vocalic endings.~~

* '''~~Athematic~~'~~'': as above, without '''a'''; endings~~ are ~~added directly to~~ the ~~root~~.

* '''Ablauting root''': formed by the root with ablaut changes in its main vowel, ~~plus '''a''' before non-vocalic endings.~~

** '''Athematic ablauting root''': a small ~~subset conjugating as above~~, ~~but without '''~~a~~'''.~~

* '''ah verbs''': verbs which add '''-~~ah'''~~ (~~or its allomorphs '''~~-~~ar''', '''~~-~~aš''', '''-ą'''~~) ~~to the root~~.

A ~~fifth commonly recognized pattern~~ is '''ru verbs'''. ~~These~~ are verbs ~~formed by borrowed verb roots from Ancient Kūṣṛmāthi (where verbal nouns end~~ in ''~~-ru~~'') and in the present ~~and past undergo stem modifications like~~ in ~~that language. There are~~ few ~~common -ru~~ verbs, and in ~~usual speech they~~ are ~~often substituted by compounds with their root~~ and either ''~~dṛke~~'' (to ~~do, make)~~ or ''~~jānake~~'' (to ~~feel~~ (~~physical~~)), or ''~~gyake~~'' (~~to be~~), and ~~more rarely~~ ''~~jilde~~'' (to do, ~~carry out an action)~~, as in ''~~pāṭṭaruke~~'' vs. ''~~pāṭṭarudṛke~~'' (and ~~also vs~~. ~~the rarer~~ ''~~pāṭṭarujilde~~''~~) (~~to ~~study)~~.

A Chlouvānem verb's conjugation is determined by two factors: whether it is ''thematic'' and whether - and if it does, how - its root vowel changes among the different stems.<br/>

The thematic and athematic distinction is the easiest: '''thematic verbs''' add an ''-a-'' (''-e-'' in the 3SG past) between its root and every consonantic termination; '''athematic verbs''' don't. All verbs with vowel-ending roots are athematic.

Root vowel changes are, however, more complex, and up to eleven verb classes may be distinguished depending on how the various stems are formed:

# The verbs of the first class do not change its vowel in any form. About 45% of verbs belong to this class, including all those whose root vowel is any of '''ā, ą, e, ė, ę, ou, oe, ea, ai, ąi, au, ąu''', as well as most verbs with root vowel '''a, æ, å, o, ei''', or '''ęi'''. An example is ''męlike'' (athematic) "to give": pres. ''męliė'', past ''męliek'', perfect ''emęlia''.

# Also called the '''basic ablauting class''', these verbs have the most basic ablaut alteration: in their present exterior forms and in the singular present interior ones, '''i ī''' become '''e''' (''mišake'' "to see": ''mešė — mišek — imiša''), '''u ū''' become usually '''o''' (...) but '''i''' in a few verbs (''kulke'' "to say": ''kilė — kulek — ukula''), and '''ṛ ṝ''' become '''ar''' (''dṛke'' "to do": ''darė — dṛk — (irr.) dadrā'')

# Also called ''strong ablauting class'', it is a subgroup of the ablauting class where instead of becoming middle-grade, the vowels ablaut to the maximum grade ('''ai, au, ār''') respectively. This class is somewhat rare: the three most common verbs in it are ''mulke'' (''mun-'') "to be able to": ''maunė — munek — umuna'', ''dīdake'' "to know a person": ''daidė — dīdek — idīda'', and ''kirake'' "to love": ''kairė — kirek — ikira''.

# Also called ''inverse ablauting class'', these verbs have either ''va'' or ''ya'' in the present (and infinitive; note that the initial semivowel may be "hidden" in a consonant!) that gets reduced to ''u'' or ''i'' respectively in the past. An easy example is ''valde'' "to open": ''valdė — uldek — vulda''; one with a hidden consonant is ''calyake'' "to harvest plums": ''calyė — kilyek — ikilda'').

# Verbs of this class (and the following ones) typically have a vowel change in the ''past'' form and not in the present one. This class has '''å''' in the infinitive, present, and perfect, and '''e''' in the past, for example ''påndake'' "to punch": ''påndė — pendek — apånda''). Verbs whose roots begin in ''y-'' lose it in the past, e.g. ''yåjyake'' "to float in the air; to go with a zeppelin, hot air balloon, or helicopter (monodirectional)": ''yåjyė — ejyek — ayåjya''.

# These verbs have '''ei''' in the present, '''a''' in the past, and '''a+ i''' in the perfect; e.g. ''heimake'' "to blow, to play (wind instruments)" ''heimė — hamek — ahima''.

# Verbs with '''e''' in the present, '''ya''' in the past, and '''i+ i''' in the perfect (and infinitive!); e.g. ''miṃsake'' "to risk" ''meṃsė — myaṃsek — imiṃsa''.

# Verbs with '''æ''' in the present, '''o''' in the past, and '''e+ i''' in the perfect; e.g. ''næljake'' "to turn, to screw": ''næljė — noljek — enilja''.

# Verbs with '''o''' in the present, '''ei''' in the past, and '''a+ ā''' in the perfect; e.g. ''volkake'' "to stab, to sting (esp. insects), to hit with something pointy": ''volkė — veilkek — avālka''.

# Verbs with '''æ''' in the present, '''ya''' in the past, and '''e+ ī''' in the perfect; e.g. ''kællake'' "to sew": ''kællė — kyallek — ekīlla''.

# Also called '''-ah verbs''', these verbs actually never modify their root vowel, but have different present endings. ''hæṃdike'' "to dream", ''jānake'' "to feel", and ''lilke'' "to live" are the two most common verbs of this class.

Moods apart from the indicative mainly just follow root structure, with different allomorphs depending on whether the root ends in a consonant or in a vowel.

There are, in addition to these, a few particular verb types with either some kind of suffix added to the root in some forms, or irregular ablaut, or totally irregular (usually suppletive). The majority of verbs, anyway, is either ''thematic'' or ''thematic ablauting'', and the majority of roots end in one or two consonants.

The '''infinitive''' (''lailehūkire daradhūs'') or ''ke-form'' is a non-finite form used in certain construction (like with certain verbs (e.g. ''daudike'' (to want)) or particles). It is also the citation form, and it is simple to recognize and form:

@@ Line 240: / Line 240: @@
 ===Verb classes and infinitive===
-Verbs, in Chlouvānem, are conjugated depending on ''verb classes'' or ''conjugations''. There are four main patterns:
+When talking about the regularity in the conjugation of Chlouvānem verbs, most Chlouvānem linguists consider the vast majority of verbs as regular. In fact, the same suffixes are used in conjugating almost all verbs and highly irregular verbs are often only small exceptions (''gyake'' "to be" and ''flulke'' "to go on foot (monodirectional)" are the most notable ones, having many suppletive stems). However, despite this regularity, Chlouvānem verbs are divided into lots of small classes, each one having only a few members, that have different stem vowels in various forms - typically, the 3SG forms of the present, past, and perfect are used as principal parts (with the infinitive often - but not always! - having the same vowel as the present).
-* '''a-root''', or '''thematic''': the most basic and regular, formed by adding '''a''' to the root before non-vocalic endings.
-* '''Athematic''': as above, without '''a'''; endings are added directly to the root.
-* '''Ablauting root''': formed by the root with ablaut changes in its main vowel, plus '''a''' before non-vocalic endings.
-** '''Athematic ablauting root''': a small subset conjugating as above, but without '''a'''.
-* '''ah verbs''': verbs which add '''-ah''' (or its allomorphs '''-ar''', '''-aš''', '''-ą''') to the root.
-A fifth commonly recognized pattern is '''ru verbs'''. These are verbs formed by borrowed verb roots from Ancient Kūṣṛmāthi (where verbal nouns end in ''-ru'') and in the present and past undergo stem modifications like in that language. There are few common -ru verbs, and in usual speech they are often substituted by compounds with their root and either ''dṛke'' (to do, make) or ''jānake'' (to feel (physical)), or ''gyake'' (to be), and more rarely ''jilde'' (to do, carry out an action), as in ''pāṭṭaruke'' vs. ''pāṭṭarudṛke'' (and also vs. the rarer ''pāṭṭarujilde'') (to study).
+A Chlouvānem verb's conjugation is determined by two factors: whether it is ''thematic'' and whether - and if it does, how - its root vowel changes among the different stems.<br/>
+The thematic and athematic distinction is the easiest: '''thematic verbs''' add an ''-a-'' (''-e-'' in the 3SG past) between its root and every consonantic termination; '''athematic verbs''' don't. All verbs with vowel-ending roots are athematic.
+Root vowel changes are, however, more complex, and up to eleven verb classes may be distinguished depending on how the various stems are formed:
+# The verbs of the first class do not change its vowel in any form. About 45% of verbs belong to this class, including all those whose root vowel is any of '''ā, ą, e, ė, ę, ou, oe, ea, ai, ąi, au, ąu''', as well as most verbs with root vowel '''a, æ, å, o, ei''', or '''ęi'''. An example is ''męlike'' (athematic) "to give": pres. ''męliė'', past ''męliek'', perfect ''emęlia''.
+# Also called the '''basic ablauting class''', these verbs have the most basic ablaut alteration: in their present exterior forms and in the singular present interior ones, '''i ī''' become '''e''' (''mišake'' "to see": ''mešė — mišek — imiša''),  '''u ū''' become usually '''o''' (...) but '''i''' in a few verbs (''kulke'' "to say": ''kilė — kulek — ukula''), and '''ṛ ṝ''' become '''ar''' (''dṛke'' "to do": ''darė — dṛk — (irr.) dadrā'')
+# Also called ''strong ablauting class'', it is a subgroup of the ablauting class where instead of becoming middle-grade, the vowels ablaut to the maximum grade ('''ai, au, ār''') respectively. This class is somewhat rare: the three most common verbs in it are ''mulke'' (''mun-'') "to be able to": ''maunė — munek — umuna'', ''dīdake'' "to know a person": ''daidė — dīdek — idīda'', and ''kirake'' "to love": ''kairė — kirek — ikira''.
+# Also called ''inverse ablauting class'', these verbs have either ''va'' or ''ya'' in the present (and infinitive; note that the initial semivowel may be "hidden" in a consonant!) that gets reduced to ''u'' or ''i'' respectively in the past. An easy example is ''valde'' "to open": ''valdė — uldek — vulda''; one with a hidden consonant is ''calyake'' "to harvest plums": ''calyė — kilyek — ikilda'').
+# Verbs of this class (and the following ones) typically have a vowel change in the ''past'' form and not in the present one. This class has '''å''' in the infinitive, present, and perfect, and '''e''' in the past, for example ''påndake'' "to punch": ''påndė — pendek — apånda''). Verbs whose roots begin in ''y-'' lose it in the past, e.g. ''yåjyake'' "to float in the air; to go with a zeppelin, hot air balloon, or helicopter (monodirectional)": ''yåjyė — ejyek — ayåjya''.
+# These verbs have '''ei''' in the present, '''a''' in the past, and '''a+ i''' in the perfect; e.g. ''heimake'' "to blow, to play (wind instruments)" ''heimė — hamek — ahima''.
+# Verbs with '''e''' in the present, '''ya''' in the past, and '''i+ i''' in the perfect (and infinitive!); e.g. ''miṃsake'' "to risk" ''meṃsė — myaṃsek — imiṃsa''.
+# Verbs with '''æ''' in the present, '''o''' in the past, and '''e+ i''' in the perfect; e.g. ''næljake'' "to turn, to screw": ''næljė — noljek — enilja''.
+# Verbs with '''o''' in the present, '''ei''' in the past, and '''a+ ā''' in the perfect; e.g. ''volkake'' "to stab, to sting (esp. insects), to hit with something pointy": ''volkė — veilkek — avālka''.
+# Verbs with '''æ''' in the present, '''ya''' in the past, and '''e+ ī''' in the perfect; e.g. ''kællake'' "to sew": ''kællė — kyallek — ekīlla''.
+# Also called '''-ah verbs''', these verbs actually never modify their root vowel, but have different present endings. ''hæṃdike'' "to dream", ''jānake'' "to feel", and ''lilke'' "to live" are the two most common verbs of this class.
 Moods apart from the indicative mainly just follow root structure, with different allomorphs depending on whether the root ends in a consonant or in a vowel.
-There are, in addition to these, a few particular verb types with either some kind of suffix added to the root in some forms, or irregular ablaut, or totally irregular (usually suppletive). The majority of verbs, anyway, is either ''thematic'' or ''thematic ablauting'', and the majority of roots end in one or two consonants.
 The '''infinitive''' (''lailehūkire daradhūs'') or ''ke-form'' is a non-finite form used in certain construction (like with certain verbs (e.g. ''daudike'' (to want)) or particles). It is also the citation form, and it is simple to recognize and form: