Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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Root vowel changes are, however, more complex, and up to eleven verb classes may be distinguished depending on how the various stems are formed:

# The verbs of the first class do not change its vowel in any form. About 45% of verbs belong to this class, including all those whose root vowel is any of '''ā, ą, e, ė, ę, ou, oe, ea, ai, ąi, au, ąu''', as well as most verbs with root vowel '''a, æ, å, o, ei''', or '''ęi'''. An example is ''męlike'' (athematic) "to give": pres. ''męliė'', past ''męliek'', perfect ''emęlia''.

# Also called the '''basic ablauting class''', these verbs have the most basic ablaut alteration: in their present exterior forms and in the singular present interior ones, '''i ī''' become '''e''' (''mišake'' "to see": ''mešė — mišek — imiša''), '''u ū''' become ~~usually~~ '''o''' (~~...~~) but '''i''' in a few verbs (''kulke'' "to say": ''kilė — kulek — ukula''), and '''ṛ ṝ''' become '''ar''' (''dṛke'' "to do": ''darė — dṛk — (irr.) dadrā'')

# Also called the '''basic ablauting class''', these verbs have the most basic ablaut alteration: in their present exterior forms and in the singular present interior ones, '''i ī''' become '''e''' (''mišake'' "to see": ''mešė — mišek — imiša''), '''u ū''' usually become '''o''' (''dhūlte'' "to write": ''dholtė, dhūltek, udhūlta''), but '''i''' in a few verbs (''kulke'' "to say": ''kilė — kulek — ukula''), and '''ṛ ṝ''' become '''ar''' (''dṛke'' "to do": ''darė — dṛk — (irr.) dadrā'')

# Also called ''strong ablauting class'', it is a subgroup of the ablauting class where instead of becoming middle-grade, the vowels ablaut to the maximum grade ('''ai, au, ār''') respectively. This class is somewhat rare: the three most common verbs in it are ''mulke'' (''mun-'') "to be able to": ''maunė — munek — umuna'', ''dīdake'' "to know a person": ''daidė — dīdek — idīda'', and ''kirake'' "to love": ''kairė — kirek — ikira''.

# Also called ''inverse ablauting class'', these verbs have either ''va'' or ''ya'' in the present (and infinitive; note that the initial semivowel may be "hidden" in a consonant!) that gets reduced to ''u'' or ''i'' respectively in the past. An easy example is ''valde'' "to open": ''valdė — uldek — vulda''; one with a hidden consonant is ''calyake'' "to harvest plums": ''calyė — kilyek — ikilda'').

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 Root vowel changes are, however, more complex, and up to eleven verb classes may be distinguished depending on how the various stems are formed:
 # The verbs of the first class do not change its vowel in any form. About 45% of verbs belong to this class, including all those whose root vowel is any of '''ā, ą, e, ė, ę, ou, oe, ea, ai, ąi, au, ąu''', as well as most verbs with root vowel '''a, æ, å, o, ei''', or '''ęi'''. An example is ''męlike'' (athematic) "to give": pres. ''męliė'', past ''męliek'', perfect ''emęlia''.
-# Also called the '''basic ablauting class''', these verbs have the most basic ablaut alteration: in their present exterior forms and in the singular present interior ones, '''i ī''' become '''e''' (''mišake'' "to see": ''mešė — mišek — imiša''),  '''u ū''' become usually '''o''' (...) but '''i''' in a few verbs (''kulke'' "to say": ''kilė — kulek — ukula''), and '''ṛ ṝ''' become '''ar''' (''dṛke'' "to do": ''darė — dṛk — (irr.) dadrā'')
+# Also called the '''basic ablauting class''', these verbs have the most basic ablaut alteration: in their present exterior forms and in the singular present interior ones, '''i ī''' become '''e''' (''mišake'' "to see": ''mešė — mišek — imiša''), '''u ū''' usually become '''o''' (''dhūlte'' "to write": ''dholtė, dhūltek, udhūlta''), but '''i''' in a few verbs (''kulke'' "to say": ''kilė — kulek — ukula''), and '''ṛ ṝ''' become '''ar''' (''dṛke'' "to do": ''darė — dṛk — (irr.) dadrā'')
 # Also called ''strong ablauting class'', it is a subgroup of the ablauting class where instead of becoming middle-grade, the vowels ablaut to the maximum grade ('''ai, au, ār''') respectively. This class is somewhat rare: the three most common verbs in it are ''mulke'' (''mun-'') "to be able to": ''maunė — munek — umuna'', ''dīdake'' "to know a person": ''daidė — dīdek — idīda'', and ''kirake'' "to love": ''kairė — kirek — ikira''.
 # Also called ''inverse ablauting class'', these verbs have either ''va'' or ''ya'' in the present (and infinitive; note that the initial semivowel may be "hidden" in a consonant!) that gets reduced to ''u'' or ''i'' respectively in the past. An easy example is ''valde'' "to open": ''valdė — uldek — vulda''; one with a hidden consonant is ''calyake'' "to harvest plums": ''calyė — kilyek — ikilda'').