Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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# Verbs with '''æ''' in the present, '''ya''' in the past, and '''e+ ī''' in the perfect; e.g. ''kællake'' "to sew": ''kællė — kyallek — ekīlla''.

# Also called '''-ah verbs''', these verbs actually never modify their root vowel, but have different present endings. ''hæṃdike'' "to dream", ''jānake'' "to feel", and ''lilke'' "to live" are the most common verbs of this class.

Vocalic stems are those whose stems end in a vowel. They are somewhat rare in Chlouvānem, but a few common verbs have vocalic stems. These stems often do not behave as in normal vowel saṃdhi when vocalic terminations are added:

* The diphthongs '''ai, ei, au, ou''', and their breathy-voiced versions mute the second element in a semivowel; in '''ai''' and '''au''' the vowel is naturally lengthened to '''ā''' - e.g. ''gṇyauke'' "to give birth", pres. exterior ''gṇyāvu, gṇyāvi, gṇyāvė''...; past exterior ''gṇyāvau, gṇyāvei, gṇyauk''...

* The short vowels '''i, u, ṛ''' and long '''ṝ''' change into their corresponding semivowels if it forms an accepted cluster - e.g. ''vike'' "to rest" (ablauting stem ''ve-'' in the present), past exterior ''vyau, vyei, vik''...

'''æ''' and '''ea''' become '''ev''' and '''oe''' becomes '''en''' - e.g. ''gæke'' "to stretch", pres. exterior ''gevu, gevi, gevė''...; past exterior ''gevau, gevei, gæk''...

* Other vowels add different epenthetic consonants depending on their quality:

'''a''', '''e''' (and long versions), and '''å'''always add '''n''', e.g. ''liėke'' "to clap", pres. exterior ''liėnu, liėni, liėnė''...; past exterior ''liėnau, liėnei, liėk''.

* All other oral vowels add '''y''' (note that '''o''' contracts with '''e''' or '''ė''' to '''oe'''), e.g. ''khlūke'' "to search, look for" (abl. stem ''khlo-''), pres. exterior ''khloyu, khloyi, khloe''...; past exterior ''khlūyau, khlūyei, khlūk''...

* Breathy-voiced vowels dissimilate to vowel + '''h''': e.g. ''švęke'' "...": pres. ext. ''švehu, švehi, švehė<ref>Written ''švęe'' in some older texts.</ref>''...; past ext. ''švehau, švehei, švęk''...

Moods apart from the indicative mainly just follow root structure, with different allomorphs depending on whether the root ends in a consonant or in a vowel.

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 # Verbs with '''æ''' in the present, '''ya''' in the past, and '''e+ ī''' in the perfect; e.g. ''kællake'' "to sew": ''kællė — kyallek — ekīlla''.
 # Also called '''-ah verbs''', these verbs actually never modify their root vowel, but have different present endings. ''hæṃdike'' "to dream", ''jānake'' "to feel", and ''lilke'' "to live" are the most common verbs of this class.
+Vocalic stems are those whose stems end in a vowel. They are somewhat rare in Chlouvānem, but a few common verbs have vocalic stems. These stems often do not behave as in normal vowel saṃdhi when vocalic terminations are added:
+* The diphthongs '''ai, ei, au, ou''', and their breathy-voiced versions mute the second element in a semivowel; in '''ai''' and '''au''' the vowel is naturally lengthened to '''ā''' - e.g. ''gṇyauke'' "to give birth", pres. exterior ''gṇyāvu, gṇyāvi, gṇyāvė''...; past exterior ''gṇyāvau, gṇyāvei, gṇyauk''...
+* The short vowels '''i, u, ṛ''' and long '''ṝ''' change into their corresponding semivowels if it forms an accepted cluster - e.g. ''vike'' "to rest" (ablauting stem ''ve-'' in the present), past exterior ''vyau, vyei, vik''...
+'''æ''' and '''ea''' become '''ev''' and '''oe''' becomes '''en''' - e.g. ''gæke'' "to stretch", pres. exterior ''gevu, gevi, gevė''...; past exterior ''gevau, gevei, gæk''...
+* Other vowels add different epenthetic consonants depending on their quality:
+'''a''', '''e''' (and long versions), and '''å'''always add '''n''', e.g. ''liėke'' "to clap", pres. exterior ''liėnu, liėni, liėnė''...; past exterior ''liėnau, liėnei, liėk''.
+* All other oral vowels add '''y''' (note that '''o''' contracts with '''e''' or '''ė''' to '''oe'''), e.g. ''khlūke'' "to search, look for" (abl. stem ''khlo-''), pres. exterior ''khloyu, khloyi, khloe''...; past exterior ''khlūyau, khlūyei, khlūk''...
+* Breathy-voiced vowels dissimilate to vowel + '''h''': e.g. ''švęke'' "...": pres. ext. ''švehu, švehi, švehė<ref>Written ''švęe'' in some older texts.</ref>''...; past ext. ''švehau, švehei, švęk''...
 Moods apart from the indicative mainly just follow root structure, with different allomorphs depending on whether the root ends in a consonant or in a vowel.