Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

Line 364:

| nāmv'''ilderie''' || nāmv'''ildrelie''' || maiš'''ilderie''' || maiš'''ildrelie''' || uvald'''ilderie''' || uvald'''ildrelie'''

|}

~~===Imperative===~~

The imperative is a defective paradigm, lacking all dual forms — note, though, that some grammarians follow common use and simply list dual forms that are exactly the same as the plural ones; the third person forms do not distinguish number anyway. It is formed from the bare root, thus it has the same formation for all verbs. Unlike all other terminations, there are separate agentive and patientive ones (note that agentive ones begin with '''-ь''' and not ''-y''. Causative forms follow the same pattern as non-causative ones, but the stem is the specifically causative one.

Note that, due to the politeness system of Chlouvānem, the imperative is somewhat rare, as other methods are used. The first person imperative is an exception, being often used with the meaning “I/we must”; also used are some forms where clarity is preferred, like ''nakāyų thiatia'' "mind the gap".

~~{| class="wikitable"~~

|-

~~! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=3 | Non-causative !! colspan=3 | Causative~~

|-

~~! colspan=6 | nāmvake "to crush, press"~~

|-

~~! Ex. patientive !! Ex. agentive !! Interior !! Ex. patientive !! Ex. agentive !! Interior~~

|-

~~! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st~~

~~| nāmv'''ikṣam''' || nāmv'''yasti''' || nāmv'''irkam''' || nāmv'''iljam''' || nāmv'''ildasti''' || nāmv'''ildṛṣam'''~~

|-

~~! 2nd~~

~~| nāmv'''os''' || nāmv'''a''' || nāmv'''ih''' || nāmv'''ildos''' || nāmv'''ilda''' || nāmv'''ildra'''~~

|-

~~! 3rd~~

~~| nāmv'''otīs''' || nāmv'''ya''' || nāmv'''irda''' || nāmv'''ildīs''' || nāmv'''ildia''' || nāmv'''ildirda'''~~

|-

~~! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st~~

~~| rowspan=3 colspan=6 style="text-align: center;" | ''No dual imperative forms''~~

|-

~~! 2nd~~

|-

~~! 3rd~~

|-

~~! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st~~

~~| nāmv'''ikṣumi''' || nāmv'''yasmi''' || nāmv'''irkumi''' || nāmv'''iljumi''' || nāmv'''ildasmi''' || nāmv'''ildrumi'''~~

|-

~~! 2nd~~

~~| nāmv'''oris''' || nāmv'''yęs''' || nāmv'''iraus''' || nāmv'''ildoris''' || nāmv'''ildęs''' || nāmv'''ildraus'''~~

|-

~~! 3rd~~

~~| nāmv'''otīs''' || nāmv'''ya''' || nāmv'''irda''' || nāmv'''ildīs''' || nāmv'''ildia''' || nāmv'''ildirda'''~~

|}

Note that the second person singular agentive non-causative form does not take '''-a''' if the ending of the root is already acceptable (e.g. ''lgut!'' "buy!"). If the root ends with a palatalized consonant, it remains as such if it ends with a single acceptable consonant (e.g. ''męlь!'' "give!), otherwise it adds ''-i'' (e.g. ''dhāsmi!'' "save!").

===Past Indicative===

Line 679:

Line 638:

! 3rd

| nāmv'''evyatь''' || nāmv'''irevyatь''' || nāmv'''ildevyatь''' || nāmv'''ildruyatь'''

|}

===The imperative mood===

The imperative is a defective paradigm, lacking all dual forms — note, though, that some grammarians follow common use and simply list dual forms that are exactly the same as the plural ones; the third person forms do not distinguish number anyway. It is formed from the bare root, thus it has the same formation for all verbs. Unlike all other terminations, there are separate agentive and patientive ones (note that agentive ones begin with '''-ь''' and not ''-y''. Causative forms follow the same pattern as non-causative ones, but the stem is the specifically causative one.

The imperative has imperfective and perfective aspects, like the subjunctive: the perfective forms are used with a time expression and indicate that the action has to be done before that time, e.g. ''enaukamñe parye rįšaląt'' "have your hair cut before the summer" - cf. ''enaukamñe parye rįšos'' "get a haircut during the summer".

Note that, due to the politeness system of Chlouvānem, the imperative is somewhat rare, as other methods are used. The first person imperative is an exception, being often used with the meaning “I/we must”; also used are some forms used for generic, mandatory commands, most notably on warning signs or announcements, such as e.g. ''nakāyų thiatia'' "mind the gap".

'''Imperfective aspect'''

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=3 | Non-causative !! colspan=3 | Causative

|-

! colspan=6 | nāmvake "to crush, press"

|-

! Ex. patientive !! Ex. agentive !! Interior !! Ex. patientive !! Ex. agentive !! Interior

|-

! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st

| nāmv'''ikṣam''' || nāmv'''yasti''' || nāmv'''irṣṭi''' || nāmv'''iljam''' || nāmv'''ildasti''' || nāmv'''ildṛṣṭi'''

|-

! 2nd

| nāmv'''os''' || nāmv'''a''' || nāmv'''ih''' || nāmv'''ildos''' || nāmv'''ilda''' || nāmv'''ildṝ'''

|-

! 3rd

| nāmv'''otīs''' || nāmv'''ya''' || nāmv'''irya''' || nāmv'''ildīs''' || nāmv'''ildia''' || nāmv'''ildrya'''

|-

! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st

| rowspan=3 colspan=6 style="text-align: center;" | ''No dual imperative forms''

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st

| nāmv'''ikṣumi''' || nāmv'''yasmi''' || nāmv'''irṣmi''' || nāmv'''iljumi''' || nāmv'''ildasmi''' || nāmv'''ildṛṣmi'''

|-

! 2nd

| nāmv'''oris''' || nāmv'''yęs''' || nāmv'''iręs''' || nāmv'''ildoris''' || nāmv'''ildęs''' || nāmv'''ildręs'''

|-

! 3rd

| nāmv'''otīs''' || nāmv'''ya''' || nāmv'''irya''' || nāmv'''ildīs''' || nāmv'''ildia''' || nāmv'''ildrya'''

|}

Note that the second person singular agentive non-causative form does not take '''-a''' if the ending of the root is already acceptable (e.g. ''lgut!'' "buy!"). If the root ends with a palatalized consonant, it remains as such if it ends with a single acceptable consonant (e.g. ''męlь!'' "give!), otherwise it adds ''-i'' (e.g. ''dhāsmi!'' "save!").

'''Perfective aspect'''

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=3 | Non-causative !! colspan=3 | Causative

|-

! colspan=6 | nāmvake "to crush, press"

|-

! Ex. patientive !! Ex. agentive !! Interior !! Ex. patientive !! Ex. agentive !! Interior

|-

! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st

| nāmv'''æniu''' || nāmv'''åru''' || nāmv'''iræniu''' || nāmv'''ildæniu''' || nāmv'''ilåru''' || nāmv'''ildræniu'''

|-

! 2nd

| nāmv'''ænь''' || nāmv'''å''' || nāmv'''irænь''' || nāmv'''ildænь''' || nāmv'''ilå''' || nāmv'''ildrænь'''

|-

! 3rd

| nāmv'''ænit''' || nāmv'''åt''' || nāmv'''irænit''' || nāmv'''ildænit''' || nāmv'''ilåt''' || nāmv'''ildrænit'''

|-

! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st

| rowspan=3 colspan=6 style="text-align: center;" | ''No dual imperative forms''

|-

! 2nd

|-

! 3rd

|-

! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st

| nāmv'''æri''' || nāmv'''åri''' || nāmv'''iræli''' || nāmv'''ildæri''' || nāmv'''ilåri''' || nāmv'''ildræri'''

|-

! 2nd

| nāmv'''æsь''' || nāmv'''åsь''' || nāmv'''iræsь''' || nāmv'''ildæsь''' || nāmv'''ilåsь''' || nāmv'''ildræsь'''

|-

! 3rd

| nāmv'''ævąt''' || nāmv'''auvųt''' || nāmv'''irævąt''' || nāmv'''ildævąt''' || nāmv'''ilauvųt''' || nāmv'''ildrævąt'''

|}

===The optative and propositive moods===

Optative and propositive moods are made starting from the same stem; these stem use the same terminations as regular (a-type verbs) present for the imperfective aspect and regular past for the perfective; propositive mood uses the imperative ones.

Optative and propositive moods are made starting from the same stem; these stem use the same terminations as regular (a-type verbs) present for the imperfective aspect and regular past for the perfective; propositive mood uses the imperative ones (but only has the imperfective forms).

The optative stem is formed by taking the root (or a stem of one of the four ''juniai'') with vowel lengthening and adding '''-eina-''' after consonants ('''-ouna-''' after '''l''') and '''-vūna-''' after vowels.

@@ Line 364: / Line 364: @@
 | nāmv'''ilderie''' || nāmv'''ildrelie''' || maiš'''ilderie''' || maiš'''ildrelie''' || uvald'''ilderie''' || uvald'''ildrelie'''
 |}
-===Imperative===
-The imperative is a defective paradigm, lacking all dual forms — note, though, that some grammarians follow common use and simply list dual forms that are exactly the same as the plural ones; the third person forms do not distinguish number anyway. It is formed from the bare root, thus it has the same formation for all verbs. Unlike all other terminations, there are separate agentive and patientive ones (note that agentive ones begin with '''-ь''' and not ''-y''. Causative forms follow the same pattern as non-causative ones, but the stem is the specifically causative one.
-Note that, due to the politeness system of Chlouvānem, the imperative is somewhat rare, as other methods are used. The first person imperative is an exception, being often used with the meaning “I/we must”; also used are some forms where clarity is preferred, like ''nakāyų thiatia'' "mind the gap".
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
-! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=3 | Non-causative !! colspan=3 | Causative
-|-
-! colspan=6 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to crush, press"</small>
-|-
-! <small>Ex. patientive</small> !! <small>Ex. agentive</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Ex. patientive</small> !! <small>Ex. agentive</small> !! <small>Interior</small>
-|-
-! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st
-| nāmv'''ikṣam''' || nāmv'''yasti''' || nāmv'''irkam''' || nāmv'''iljam''' || nāmv'''ildasti''' || nāmv'''ildṛṣam'''
-|-
-! 2nd
-| nāmv'''os''' || nāmv'''a''' || nāmv'''ih''' || nāmv'''ildos''' || nāmv'''ilda''' || nāmv'''ildra'''
-|-
-! 3rd
-| nāmv'''otīs''' || nāmv'''ya''' || nāmv'''irda''' || nāmv'''ildīs''' || nāmv'''ildia''' || nāmv'''ildirda'''
-|-
-! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st
-| rowspan=3 colspan=6 style="text-align: center;" | ''No dual imperative forms''
-|-
-! 2nd
-|-
-! 3rd
-|-
-! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st
-| nāmv'''ikṣumi''' || nāmv'''yasmi''' || nāmv'''irkumi''' || nāmv'''iljumi''' || nāmv'''ildasmi''' || nāmv'''ildrumi'''
-|-
-! 2nd
-| nāmv'''oris''' || nāmv'''yęs''' || nāmv'''iraus''' || nāmv'''ildoris''' || nāmv'''ildęs''' || nāmv'''ildraus'''
-|-
-! 3rd
-| nāmv'''otīs''' || nāmv'''ya''' || nāmv'''irda''' || nāmv'''ildīs''' || nāmv'''ildia''' || nāmv'''ildirda'''
-|}
-Note that the second person singular agentive non-causative form does not take '''-a''' if the ending of the root is already acceptable (e.g. ''lgut!'' "buy!"). If the root ends with a palatalized consonant, it remains as such if it ends with a single acceptable consonant (e.g. ''męlь!'' "give!), otherwise it adds ''-i'' (e.g. ''dhāsmi!'' "save!").
 ===Past Indicative===
@@ Line 679: / Line 638: @@
 ! 3rd
 | nāmv'''evyatь''' || nāmv'''irevyatь''' || nāmv'''ildevyatь''' || nāmv'''ildruyatь'''
+|}
+===The imperative mood===
+The imperative is a defective paradigm, lacking all dual forms — note, though, that some grammarians follow common use and simply list dual forms that are exactly the same as the plural ones; the third person forms do not distinguish number anyway. It is formed from the bare root, thus it has the same formation for all verbs. Unlike all other terminations, there are separate agentive and patientive ones (note that agentive ones begin with '''-ь''' and not ''-y''. Causative forms follow the same pattern as non-causative ones, but the stem is the specifically causative one.
+The imperative has imperfective and perfective aspects, like the subjunctive: the perfective forms are used with a time expression and indicate that the action has to be done before that time, e.g. ''enaukamñe parye rįšaląt'' "have your hair cut before the summer" - cf. ''enaukamñe parye rįšos'' "get a haircut during the summer".
+Note that, due to the politeness system of Chlouvānem, the imperative is somewhat rare, as other methods are used. The first person imperative is an exception, being often used with the meaning “I/we must”; also used are some forms used for generic, mandatory commands, most notably on warning signs or announcements, such as e.g. ''nakāyų thiatia'' "mind the gap".
+'''Imperfective aspect'''
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=3 | Non-causative !! colspan=3 | Causative
+|-
+! colspan=6 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to crush, press"</small>
+|-
+! <small>Ex. patientive</small> !! <small>Ex. agentive</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Ex. patientive</small> !! <small>Ex. agentive</small> !! <small>Interior</small>
+|-
+! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st
+| nāmv'''ikṣam''' || nāmv'''yasti''' || nāmv'''irṣṭi''' || nāmv'''iljam''' || nāmv'''ildasti''' || nāmv'''ildṛṣṭi'''
+|-
+! 2nd
+| nāmv'''os''' || nāmv'''a''' || nāmv'''ih''' || nāmv'''ildos''' || nāmv'''ilda''' || nāmv'''ildṝ'''
+|-
+! 3rd
+| nāmv'''otīs''' || nāmv'''ya''' || nāmv'''irya''' || nāmv'''ildīs''' || nāmv'''ildia''' || nāmv'''ildrya'''
+|-
+! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st
+| rowspan=3 colspan=6 style="text-align: center;" | ''No dual imperative forms''
+|-
+! 2nd
+|-
+! 3rd
+|-
+! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st
+| nāmv'''ikṣumi''' || nāmv'''yasmi''' || nāmv'''irṣmi''' || nāmv'''iljumi''' || nāmv'''ildasmi''' || nāmv'''ildṛṣmi'''
+|-
+! 2nd
+| nāmv'''oris''' || nāmv'''yęs''' || nāmv'''iręs''' || nāmv'''ildoris''' || nāmv'''ildęs''' || nāmv'''ildręs'''
+|-
+! 3rd
+| nāmv'''otīs''' || nāmv'''ya''' || nāmv'''irya''' || nāmv'''ildīs''' || nāmv'''ildia''' || nāmv'''ildrya'''
+|}
+Note that the second person singular agentive non-causative form does not take '''-a''' if the ending of the root is already acceptable (e.g. ''lgut!'' "buy!"). If the root ends with a palatalized consonant, it remains as such if it ends with a single acceptable consonant (e.g. ''męlь!'' "give!), otherwise it adds ''-i'' (e.g. ''dhāsmi!'' "save!").
+'''Perfective aspect'''
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! rowspan=3 colspan=2 | Person !! colspan=3 | Non-causative !! colspan=3 | Causative
+|-
+! colspan=6 | nāmvake <br/><small>"to crush, press"</small>
+|-
+! <small>Ex. patientive</small> !! <small>Ex. agentive</small> !! <small>Interior</small> !! <small>Ex. patientive</small> !! <small>Ex. agentive</small> !! <small>Interior</small>
+|-
+! rowspan=3 | Sing. !! 1st
+| nāmv'''æniu''' || nāmv'''åru''' || nāmv'''iræniu''' || nāmv'''ildæniu''' || nāmv'''ilåru''' || nāmv'''ildræniu'''
+|-
+! 2nd
+| nāmv'''ænь''' || nāmv'''å''' || nāmv'''irænь''' || nāmv'''ildænь''' || nāmv'''ilå''' || nāmv'''ildrænь'''
+|-
+! 3rd
+| nāmv'''ænit''' || nāmv'''åt''' || nāmv'''irænit''' || nāmv'''ildænit''' || nāmv'''ilåt''' || nāmv'''ildrænit'''
+|-
+! rowspan=3 | Dual !! 1st
+| rowspan=3 colspan=6 style="text-align: center;" | ''No dual imperative forms''
+|-
+! 2nd
+|-
+! 3rd
+|-
+! rowspan=3 | Pl. !! 1st
+| nāmv'''æri''' || nāmv'''åri''' || nāmv'''iræli''' || nāmv'''ildæri''' || nāmv'''ilåri''' || nāmv'''ildræri'''
+|-
+! 2nd
+| nāmv'''æsь''' || nāmv'''åsь''' || nāmv'''iræsь''' || nāmv'''ildæsь''' || nāmv'''ilåsь''' || nāmv'''ildræsь'''
+|-
+! 3rd
+| nāmv'''ævąt''' || nāmv'''auvųt''' || nāmv'''irævąt''' || nāmv'''ildævąt''' || nāmv'''ilauvųt''' || nāmv'''ildrævąt'''
 |}
 ===The optative and propositive moods===
-Optative and propositive moods are made starting from the same stem; these stem use the same terminations as regular (a-type verbs) present for the imperfective aspect and regular past for the perfective; propositive mood uses the imperative ones.
+Optative and propositive moods are made starting from the same stem; these stem use the same terminations as regular (a-type verbs) present for the imperfective aspect and regular past for the perfective; propositive mood uses the imperative ones (but only has the imperfective forms).
 The optative stem is formed by taking the root (or a stem of one of the four ''juniai'') with vowel lengthening and adding '''-eina-''' after consonants ('''-ouna-''' after '''l''') and '''-vūna-''' after vowels.