Qino: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Class 1: Non- | ====Class 1: Non-adjectival Root Verbs==== | ||
There are two main classes of non-adjectival root verbs: suffix and prefix conjugations. | There are two main classes of non-adjectival root verbs: suffix and prefix conjugations. | ||
=====Class 1a: Suffix Conjugation===== | =====Class 1a: Suffix Conjugation===== | ||
Consonant-initial root verbs that do not conjugate as adjectives fall into this category. Example: ''sheeni'' "to give". | Consonant-initial root verbs that do not conjugate as adjectives fall into this category. Example: ''sheeni'' "to give". | ||
Roots ending in ''-e(e)y'' or ''-o(o)w'' lose the semivowel word-finally and before consonant endings. In the verbal noun, | Roots ending in ''-e(e)y'' or ''-o(o)w'' lose the semivowel word-finally and before consonant endings. In the verbal noun and stative adjective, ''-e(e)yVn-'' and ''-o(o)wVn-'' are often simplified to ''-een-'' and ''-oon-'' respectively. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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! colspan="5" | Active Participle || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-aa''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''sheen<b>aa</b>''</span> | ! colspan="5" | Active Participle || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-aa''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''sheen<b>aa</b>''</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="5" | Passive | ! colspan="5" | Stative Passive<small><sup>1</sup></small> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-an-''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''sheen<b>an-</b>''</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative<small><sup>2</sup></small> !! colspan="2" | Present Subordinate<small><sup>2</sup></small> !! colspan="2" | Pres. Subord. Neg. !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative<small><sup>2</sup></small> !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Aff. !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Neg. | ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative<small><sup>2</sup></small> !! colspan="2" | Present Subordinate<small><sup>2</sup></small> !! colspan="2" | Pres. Subord. Neg. !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative<small><sup>2</sup></small> !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Aff. !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Neg. | ||
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! colspan="5" | Active Participle || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-aa''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''ark<b>aa</b>''</span> | ! colspan="5" | Active Participle || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-aa''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''ark<b>aa</b>''</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="5" | Passive | ! colspan="5" | Stative Passive || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-an-''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''ark<b>an-</b>''</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subordinate !! colspan="2" | Pre. Subord. Neg. !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Aff. !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Neg. | ! !! colspan="2" | Present Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Present Subordinate !! colspan="2" | Pre. Subord. Neg. !! colspan="2" | Past Affirmative !! colspan="2" | Past Negative !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Aff. !! colspan="2" | Jussive/Imperative Neg. | ||
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Verbs derived with this suffix may have various meanings, sometimes unpredictable. It often indicates that an action affects the subject (middle or reciprocal) or is done for the subject's benefit. Often, the same verb has multiple possible meanings. | Verbs derived with this suffix may have various meanings, sometimes unpredictable. It often indicates that an action affects the subject (middle or reciprocal) or is done for the subject's benefit. Often, the same verb has multiple possible meanings. | ||
:e.g. ''daqi'' "to wash" + ''-at-'' → ''daqati'' "to wash oneself; to wash for one's benefit" | :e.g. ''daqi'' "to wash" + ''-at-'' → ''daqati'' "to wash oneself; to wash for one's benefit" | ||
::''kulussi'' "to make fat" → ''kulussati'' "to make oneself fat; to become fat (intentionally); to make fat for one's benefit" | ::''kulussi'' "to make fat" → ''kulussati'' "to make oneself fat; to become fat (intentionally); to make (something) fat for one's benefit" | ||
=====Class 2d: ''-oow-'' Inchoative===== | =====Class 2d: ''-oow-'' Inchoative===== | ||
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*The Class 1 forms ending in a stressed vowel lose the stress when non-final and lengthen the final vowel when used interrogatively - e.g. ''yarká'' "he sees", ''yarka nama'' "person who sees", ''yarkaa?'' "does he see?" | *The Class 1 forms ending in a stressed vowel lose the stress when non-final and lengthen the final vowel when used interrogatively - e.g. ''yarká'' "he sees", ''yarka nama'' "person who sees", ''yarkaa?'' "does he see?" | ||
<!--*Verbs can be used descriptively before a noun. The indicative is used if the noun is the only argument of the verb. Otherwise, subordinate forms are used (along with the relative particle ''kan'') - e.g. ''ka yarka nama'' "the person who sees", ''kan ku yarko nama'' "the person who sees you", ''kan ka arko nama'' "the person I see".--> | <!--*Verbs can be used descriptively before a noun. The indicative is used if the noun is the only argument of the verb. Otherwise, subordinate forms are used (along with the relative particle ''kan'') - e.g. ''ka yarka nama'' "the person who sees", ''kan ku yarko nama'' "the person who sees you", ''kan ka arko nama'' "the person I see".--> | ||
=====Simple Present===== | =====Simple Tenses===== | ||
======Simple Present====== | |||
*Used for an action in the present or future, or that started in the past but continue into the present (i.e. English past perfect continuous). | *Used for an action in the present or future, or that started in the past but continue into the present (i.e. English past perfect continuous). | ||
*Main clause: | *Main clause: | ||
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**Negative: ''ma'' + "Present subordinate negative" - e.g. ''ma yarkinonoo'' "so that he does not see" | **Negative: ''ma'' + "Present subordinate negative" - e.g. ''ma yarkinonoo'' "so that he does not see" | ||
=====Simple Past===== | ======Simple Past====== | ||
*Used for an action in the past. | *Used for an action in the past. | ||
*Main clause: | *Main clause: | ||
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**Negative: ''ma'' + "Past negative" - e.g. ''ma yarkinenas '' "because he did not see" | **Negative: ''ma'' + "Past negative" - e.g. ''ma yarkinenas '' "because he did not see" | ||
=====Imperative===== | ======Imperative====== | ||
*Used for a command in the second person. The imperative forms without ''t'' are used. | *Used for a command in the second person. The imperative forms without ''t'' are used. | ||
*Affirmative: "Imperative affirmative" - e.g. ''arku'' "see!" | *Affirmative: "Imperative affirmative" - e.g. ''arku'' "see!" | ||
*Negative: ''hin'' + "Imperative negative" - e.g. ''hin arkinu'' "do not see!" | *Negative: ''hin'' + "Imperative negative" - e.g. ''hin arkinu'' "do not see!" | ||
=====Jussive===== | ======Jussive====== | ||
*Used for a wish, command, etc, mostly in the first and third person. The second person uses the forms with ''t''. | *Used for a wish, command, etc, mostly in the first and third person. The second person uses the forms with ''t''. | ||
*Affirmative: ''haa'' + "Jussive affirmative" - e.g. ''haa yarku'' "let him see!" | *Affirmative: ''haa'' + "Jussive affirmative" - e.g. ''haa yarku'' "let him see!" | ||
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====Cardinal Numbers==== | ====Cardinal Numbers==== | ||
Cardinal numbers come before nouns in the singular - e.g. ''lama nama'' "two people" (NOT ''*lama namooti''). | Cardinal numbers come before nouns in the singular - e.g. ''lama nama'' "two people" (NOT ''*lama namooti''). | ||
*1 - | *1 - | ||
*2 - lama | *2 - lama | ||
*3 - sadxa | *3 - sadxa | ||
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*10 - tomna | *10 - tomna | ||
---> | ---> | ||
=====Compound Tenses===== | |||
===Derivation=== | ===Derivation=== | ||