Qino: Difference between revisions

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===Verbs===

Verbs in Qino fall into three main conjugation classes. In terms of meaning, verbs can be classified into two categories: stative and dynamic verbs.

Stative verbs usually refer to a state of being (e.g. ''kusli'' "to be fat"). Some may refer to an ongoing action (e.g. ''arki'' "to see"). Some class 1 and all class 3 verbs fall into this category.

Dynamic verbs refer to an action (e.g. ''cabbi'' "to drink") or the entering of a state (inchoative - e.g. ''raagi'' "to become late/old"). Most class 1 and all class 2 verbs fall into this category. Inchoative verbs in the past tense may be used for a present state - e.g. ''fahmé'' "I came to understand" = "I understand".

====Class 1: Non-adjectival Root Verbs====

~~There are two main classes of non~~-adjectival root verbs: suffix ~~and~~ prefix conjugations.

Non-adjectival root verbs may follow either suffix or prefix conjugations, depending on whether the stem begins in a vowel or a consonant.

=====Class 1a: Suffix Conjugation=====

Consonant-initial root verbs that do not conjugate as adjectives fall into this category. Example: ''sheeni'' "to give".

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! colspan="5" | Verbal noun || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''-ina'' || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''sheenina''

|-

! colspan="5" | ~~Active Participle~~ || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''-aa'' || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''sheenaa''

! colspan="5" | Present Converb || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''-aa'' || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''sheenaa''

|-

! colspan="5" | Perfect Converb || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''-ee'' || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''sheenee''

|-

! colspan="5" | Stative Passive1 || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''-an-'' || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''sheenan-''

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! colspan="5" | Verbal noun || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''-ina'' || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''arkina''

|-

! colspan="5" | ~~Active Participle~~ || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''-aa'' || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''arkaa''

! colspan="5" | Present converb || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''(prefix)-aa'' || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''(Ø/y/t/n)arkaa''

|-

! colspan="5" | Present converb || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''(prefix)-ee'' || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''(Ø/y/t/n)arkee''

|-

! colspan="5" | Stative Passive || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''-an-'' || colspan="5" style="background: none" | ''arkan-''

@@ Line 528: / Line 528: @@
 ===Verbs===
+Verbs in Qino fall into three main conjugation classes. In terms of meaning, verbs can be classified into two categories: stative and dynamic verbs.
+Stative verbs usually refer to a state of being (e.g. ''kusli'' "to be fat"). Some may refer to an ongoing action (e.g. ''arki'' "to see"). Some class 1 and all class 3 verbs fall into this category.
+Dynamic verbs refer to an action (e.g. ''cabbi'' "to drink") or the entering of a state (inchoative - e.g. ''raagi'' "to become late/old"). Most class 1 and all class 2 verbs fall into this category. Inchoative verbs in the past tense may be used for a present state - e.g. ''fahmé'' "I came to understand" = "I understand".
 ====Class 1: Non-adjectival Root Verbs====
-There are two main classes of non-adjectival root verbs: suffix and prefix conjugations.
+Non-adjectival root verbs may follow either suffix or prefix conjugations, depending on whether the stem begins in a vowel or a consonant.
 =====Class 1a: Suffix Conjugation=====
 Consonant-initial root verbs that do not conjugate as adjectives fall into this category. Example: ''sheeni'' "to give".
@@ Line 541: / Line 546: @@
 ! colspan="5" | Verbal noun || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-ina''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''sheen<b>ina</b>''</span>
 |-
-! colspan="5" | Active Participle || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-aa''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''sheen<b>aa</b>''</span>
+! colspan="5" | Present Converb || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-aa''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''sheen<b>aa</b>''</span>
+|-
+! colspan="5" | Perfect Converb || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-ee''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''sheen<b>ee</b>''</span>
 |-
 ! colspan="5" | Stative Passive<small><sup>1</sup></small> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-an-''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''sheen<b>an-</b>''</span>
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 ! colspan="5" | Verbal noun || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-ina''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''ark<b>ina</b>''</span>
 |-
-! colspan="5" | Active Participle || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-aa''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''ark<b>aa</b>''</span>
+! colspan="5" | Present converb || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''(prefix)-aa''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''<b>(Ø/y/t/n)</b>ark<b>aa</b>''</span>
+|-
+! colspan="5" | Present converb || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''(prefix)-ee''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''<b>(Ø/y/t/n)</b>ark<b>ee</b>''</span>
 |-
 ! colspan="5" | Stative Passive || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''-an-''</span> || colspan="5" style="background: none" | <span style="font-weight:normal">''ark<b>an-</b>''</span>