Qino: Difference between revisions

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:e.g. ''jhiri'' "to cut" → ''jhirjhiri'' "to cut in small pieces"

====~~Non-finite Forms~~====

====Converbs====

~~'''Active~~ participle~~:'''~~

Converbs are used for actions that occur simultaneously/subsequently or that make up one verbal meaning. It may occur in the present or perfect tenses.

*Formed with the suffix ''-aa'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-ii'' for class 3. Prefix-conjugation verbs additionally take a prefix appropriate to the person being referred to.

*The active participle always occurs with other verbs and indicates that an action/state was occuring when another action happened.

The present converb is used for an action/state that was occurring when another verb occurred, similarly to the present participle in English. It is formed with the suffix ''-aa'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-ii'' for class 3. Prefix-conjugation verbs additionally take a prefix appropriate to the person being referred to.

:e.g. ''Yardaa galé.'' "~~He entered~~ '''~~running~~'''."

:e.g. ''Yardaa ka mana galé.'' "'''Running''', he entered the house."

::''Furanii dhalatté.'' "She was born '''free'''."

'''~~Stative passive~~:'''

The perfect converb is used for an actions that occur subsequently to each other. It is formed with the suffix ''-ee'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-iishii'' for class 3. Again, prefix-conjugation verbs take the appropriate prefix.

*The stative passive is a class 3 verb formed from classes 1 & 2 with the suffix ''-an-''. To use it as a passive participle, the ending ''-ii'' is added. The corresponding inchoative/inceptive is the ''-am-'' passive.

:e.g. ''Yardee ka mana galé.'' "'''Having ran''', he entered the house."

*For intransitive stative class 1 verbs, the ''-am-'' passive and passive participle have an active meaning - e.g. ''kusli'' "to be fat" → ''kuslane'' "(is) fat", ''kuslami'' "to become fat".

::''Furaniishii xidhanté.'' "'''Having been free''', she was imprisoned."

In many cases, interchanging the two forms does not greatly affect the meaning. This can be seen with the running examples above.

====Stative passive====

The stative passive is a class 3 verb formed from classes 1 & 2 with the suffix ''-an-''. To use it as a passive participle, the ending ''-ii'' is added. The corresponding inchoative/inceptive is the ''-am-'' passive.

For intransitive stative class 1 verbs, the ''-am-'' passive and passive participle have an active meaning - e.g. ''kusli'' "to be fat" → ''kuslane'' "(is) fat", ''kuslami'' "to become fat".

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~~'''~~Verbal nouns~~:'''~~

====Verbal nouns====

*The main verbal noun (which is always feminine) is formed by adding ''-na'' to the infinitive if it ends in a vowel or ''-a'' if it ends in ''-n''. Some verb classes form it in other ways (see [[Qino#Verbs|Verbs]] for more information).

The main verbal noun (which is always feminine) is formed by adding ''-na'' to the infinitive if it ends in a vowel or ''-a'' if it ends in ''-n''. Some verb classes form it in other ways (see [[Qino#Verbs|Verbs]] for more information).

*Additional verbal nouns can be formed with a variety of suffixes depending on the verb in question. A few common formations are shown below.

**''-itaana (m.)'' - e.g. ''cabbitaana'' "drink; juice" (< ''cabbi'' "to drink")

Additional verbal nouns can be formed with a variety of suffixes depending on the verb in question. A few common formations are shown below.

**''-mo (f.)'' (prefix conjugation may use ''m-o'') - e.g. ''farsimo'' "handwriting" (< ''farsi'' "to write"); ''maddho'' "word; statement" (< ''addhi'' "to say")

*''-itaana (m.)'' - e.g. ''cabbitaana'' "drink; juice" (< ''cabbi'' "to drink")

*''-mo (f.)'' (prefix conjugation may use ''m-o'') - e.g. ''farsimo'' "handwriting" (< ''farsi'' "to write"); ''maddho'' "word; statement" (< ''addhi'' "to say")

~~'''~~Agent ~~noun~~:~~'''~~

====Agent and patient nouns====

Agent nouns are formed with the following suffixes:

*''-a'' (prefix conjugation: ''y-a'') (''m.''), ''-tu'' (prefix conjugation: ''t-u'') (''f./pl.'') - e.g. ''sheena/sheentu'' "giver", ''yarka/tarku'' "seer", ''casa/castu'' "red person/thing"

*''-eeya'' (''unmarked/collective''), ''-eesha'' (''m., sg.''), ''-eeti'' (''f., sg.'') - e.g. ''sheeneesha'' "giver (''m.'')", ''arkeeti'' "seer (''f.'')", ''caseeya'' "red people/things"

~~'''~~Patient ~~noun:'''~~

Patient nouns are formed by adding agent suffixes to stative passive or to ''-am-'' passive - e.g. ''arkana'' "one who is seen (''m.'')", ''arkameeya'' "those who are seen". The two forms (i.e. stative vs ''-am-'' passive) have slightly different connotations. For example, ''arkana'' might refer to someone who is being seen at the moment, while ''arkama'' might refer to someone who is regularly seen.

*Formed by adding agent suffixes to stative passive or to ''-am-'' passive - e.g. ''arkana'' "one who is seen (''m.'')", ''arkameeya'' "those who are seen"

*The two forms (~~with~~ stative vs ''-am-'' passive) have slightly different connotations ~~- e.g~~. ''arkana'' might refer to someone who is being seen at the moment, while ''arkama'' might refer to someone who is regularly seen.

==Syntax==

@@ Line 740: / Line 740: @@
 :e.g. ''jhiri'' "to cut" → ''jhirjhiri'' "to cut in small pieces"
-====Non-finite Forms====
+====Converbs====
-'''Active participle:'''
+Converbs are used for actions that occur simultaneously/subsequently or that make up one verbal meaning. It may occur in the present or perfect tenses.
-*Formed with the suffix ''-aa'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-ii'' for class 3. Prefix-conjugation verbs additionally take a prefix appropriate to the person being referred to.
-*The active participle always occurs with other verbs and indicates that an action/state was occuring when another action happened.
+The present converb is used for an action/state that was occurring when another verb occurred, similarly to the present participle in English. It is formed with the suffix ''-aa'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-ii'' for class 3. Prefix-conjugation verbs additionally take a prefix appropriate to the person being referred to.
-:e.g. ''<b>Yardaa</b> galé.'' "He entered '''running'''."
+:e.g. ''<b>Yardaa</b> ka mana galé.'' "'''Running''', he entered the house."
 ::''<b>Furanii</b> dhalatté.'' "She was born '''free'''."
-'''Stative passive:'''
+The perfect converb is used for an actions that occur subsequently to each other. It is formed with the suffix ''-ee'' for classes 1 & 2 and ''-iishii'' for class 3. Again, prefix-conjugation verbs take the appropriate prefix.
-*The stative passive is a class 3 verb formed from classes 1 & 2 with the suffix ''-an-''. To use it as a passive participle, the ending ''-ii'' is added. The corresponding inchoative/inceptive is the ''-am-'' passive.
+:e.g. ''<b>Yardee</b> ka mana galé.'' "'''Having ran''', he entered the house."
-*For intransitive stative class 1 verbs, the ''-am-'' passive and passive participle have an active meaning - e.g. ''kusli'' "to be fat" → ''kuslane'' "(is) fat", ''kuslami'' "to become fat".
+::''<b>Furaniishii</b> xidhanté.'' "'''Having been free''', she was imprisoned."
+In many cases, interchanging the two forms does not greatly affect the meaning. This can be seen with the running examples above.
+====Stative passive====
+The stative passive is a class 3 verb formed from classes 1 & 2 with the suffix ''-an-''. To use it as a passive participle, the ending ''-ii'' is added. The corresponding inchoative/inceptive is the ''-am-'' passive.
+For intransitive stative class 1 verbs, the ''-am-'' passive and passive participle have an active meaning - e.g. ''kusli'' "to be fat" → ''kuslane'' "(is) fat", ''kuslami'' "to become fat".
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 :Using the passive forms rather than active often imply an unwillingness.
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-'''Verbal nouns:'''
+====Verbal nouns====
-*The main verbal noun (which is always feminine) is formed by adding ''-na'' to the infinitive if it ends in a vowel or ''-a'' if it ends in ''-n''. Some verb classes form it in other ways (see [[Qino#Verbs|Verbs]] for more information).
+The main verbal noun (which is always feminine) is formed by adding ''-na'' to the infinitive if it ends in a vowel or ''-a'' if it ends in ''-n''. Some verb classes form it in other ways (see [[Qino#Verbs|Verbs]] for more information).
-*Additional verbal nouns can be formed with a variety of suffixes depending on the verb in question. A few common formations are shown below.
-**''-itaana (m.)'' - e.g. ''cabbitaana'' "drink; juice" (< ''cabbi'' "to drink")
+Additional verbal nouns can be formed with a variety of suffixes depending on the verb in question. A few common formations are shown below.
-**''-mo (f.)'' (prefix conjugation may use ''m-o'') - e.g. ''farsimo'' "handwriting" (< ''farsi'' "to write"); ''maddho'' "word; statement" (< ''addhi'' "to say")
+*''-itaana (m.)'' - e.g. ''cabbitaana'' "drink; juice" (< ''cabbi'' "to drink")
+*''-mo (f.)'' (prefix conjugation may use ''m-o'') - e.g. ''farsimo'' "handwriting" (< ''farsi'' "to write"); ''maddho'' "word; statement" (< ''addhi'' "to say")
-'''Agent noun:'''
+====Agent and patient nouns====
+Agent nouns are formed with the following suffixes:
 *''-a'' (prefix conjugation: ''y-a'') (''m.''), ''-tu'' (prefix conjugation: ''t-u'') (''f./pl.'') - e.g. ''sheena/sheentu'' "giver", ''yarka/tarku'' "seer", ''casa/castu'' "red person/thing"
 *''-eeya'' (''unmarked/collective''), ''-eesha'' (''m., sg.''), ''-eeti'' (''f., sg.'') - e.g. ''sheeneesha'' "giver (''m.'')", ''arkeeti'' "seer (''f.'')", ''caseeya'' "red people/things"
-'''Patient noun:'''
+Patient nouns are formed by adding agent suffixes to stative passive or to ''-am-'' passive - e.g. ''arkana'' "one who is seen (''m.'')", ''arkameeya'' "those who are seen". The two forms (i.e. stative vs ''-am-'' passive) have slightly different connotations. For example, ''arkana'' might refer to someone who is being seen at the moment, while ''arkama'' might refer to someone who is regularly seen.
-*Formed by adding agent suffixes to stative passive or to ''-am-'' passive - e.g. ''arkana'' "one who is seen (''m.'')", ''arkameeya'' "those who are seen"
-*The two forms (with stative vs ''-am-'' passive) have slightly different connotations - e.g. ''arkana'' might refer to someone who is being seen at the moment, while ''arkama'' might refer to someone who is regularly seen.
 ==Syntax==