Qino: Difference between revisions

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Patient nouns are formed by adding agent suffixes to stative passive or to ''-am-'' passive - e.g. ''arkanaa'' "one who is seen (''m.'')", ''arkameeya'' "those who are seen". The two forms (i.e. stative vs ''-am-'' passive) have slightly different connotations. For example, ''arkanaa'' might refer to someone who is being seen at the moment, while ''arkamaa'' might refer to someone who is regularly seen.

===Definitives===

Definitives (also called attributives) modify a noun/pronoun and occur at the beginning of the noun phrase. Some agree with the noun in gender/number, but most are invariable. Strictly speaking, words that can occur independently (such as articles) or that are declined forms of nouns/verbs are not definitives, but they are included here for convenience.

====Articles====

See [[Qino#Demonstratives|Demonstratives]].

====Numerals====

See [[Qino#Numerals|Numerals]].

====Genitives====

Nouns/pronouns in the genitive behave as definitives. They must occur with a noun or pronoun and are accented - e.g. ''<b>kiishi</b> mana'' "'''my''' house", ''<b>Maxammadi</b> ka'' "Mohammad's one".

====Quantifiers====

Quantifiers are accented and occur at the beginning of the noun phrase. Some are listed below.

*''kulli'': all (can also occur as a pronoun, in which case it declines as a feminine noun)

====Attributive Verbs====

Verbs (and there arguments) can occur attributively before a noun. Verbs used like this always occur in the singular. Class 3 verbs may reduplicate when qualifying plural or collective nouns.

====True Definitives====

These are words that cannot occur independently and are not a noun/pronoun/verb form. Some are listed below.

*''kale'': other

*''lab'': male (derived from the noun ''labba'' "man/men")

*''dubar'': female (derived from the noun ''dubara'' "woman/women")

===Particles===

Particles are small, non-inflecting words that do not fit into any other class. They include conjunctions, postpositions, focus particles, etc.

====Conjunctions====

*''shi'': and - used to join items within a clause; occurs between items)

*''-ne'': and - used to join clauses; occurs after first noun phrase (or after verb if there is no noun phrase) in clauses subsequent to the first

*''imme'': but - occurs at beginning of clause

*''-se'': but - occurs after initial noun phrase

====Postpositions====

====Focus ~~particles~~====

*''kale'' (+ ablative): apart from; except

====Focus Particles====

====Interrogatives====

*''ma'': ''question particle''

**Can occur before focused nouns to put emphasis on them - e.g. ''Ma sháraa tarkee?'' "Was it ''a dog'' that you saw?"

**Can occur before unfocused nouns, roughly meaning "which" - e.g. ''Ma shara tarke?'' "Which dog did you see?"

**Can occur before affirmative verbs to make yes/no questions (negative verbs which already have the negative particle ''ma'' do not use it) - e.g. ''Ma ka tarkee?'' "Did you see it?"; ''Ma ka tarkinee?'' "Did you not see it?"

*''maxa'': what (< ''ma'' + ''waxa'' "thing"; strictly speaking a pronoun)

*''iyya'': who

==Syntax==

@@ Line 931: / Line 931: @@
 Patient nouns are formed by adding agent suffixes to stative passive or to ''-am-'' passive - e.g. ''arkanaa'' "one who is seen (''m.'')", ''arkameeya'' "those who are seen". The two forms (i.e. stative vs ''-am-'' passive) have slightly different connotations. For example, ''arkanaa'' might refer to someone who is being seen at the moment, while ''arkamaa'' might refer to someone who is regularly seen.
+===Definitives===
+Definitives (also called attributives) modify a noun/pronoun and occur at the beginning of the noun phrase. Some agree with the noun in gender/number, but most are invariable. Strictly speaking, words that can occur independently (such as articles) or that are declined forms of nouns/verbs are not definitives, but they are included here for convenience.
+====Articles====
+See [[Qino#Demonstratives|Demonstratives]].
+====Numerals====
+See [[Qino#Numerals|Numerals]].
+====Genitives====
+Nouns/pronouns in the genitive behave as definitives. They must occur with a noun or pronoun and are accented - e.g. ''<b>kiishi</b> mana'' "'''my''' house", ''<b>Maxammadi</b> ka'' "Mohammad's one".
+====Quantifiers====
+Quantifiers are accented and occur at the beginning of the noun phrase. Some are listed below.
+*''kulli'': all (can also occur as a pronoun, in which case it declines as a feminine noun)
+====Attributive Verbs====
+Verbs (and there arguments) can occur attributively before a noun. Verbs used like this always occur in the singular. Class 3 verbs may reduplicate when qualifying plural or collective nouns.
+====True Definitives====
+These are words that cannot occur independently and are not a noun/pronoun/verb form. Some are listed below.
+*''kale'': other
+*''lab'': male (derived from the noun ''labba'' "man/men")
+*''dubar'': female (derived from the noun ''dubara'' "woman/women")
 ===Particles===
 Particles are small, non-inflecting words that do not fit into any other class. They include conjunctions, postpositions, focus particles, etc.
+====Conjunctions====
+*''shi'': and - used to join items within a clause; occurs between items)
+*''-ne'': and - used to join clauses; occurs after first noun phrase (or after verb if there is no noun phrase) in clauses subsequent to the first
+*''imme'': but - occurs at beginning of clause
+*''-se'': but - occurs after initial noun phrase
 ====Postpositions====
-====Focus particles====
+*''kale'' (+ ablative): apart from; except
+====Focus Particles====
+====Interrogatives====
+*''ma'': ''question particle''
+**Can occur before focused nouns to put emphasis on them - e.g. ''Ma sháraa tarkee?'' "Was it ''a dog'' that you saw?"
+**Can occur before unfocused nouns, roughly meaning "which" - e.g. ''Ma shara tarke?'' "Which dog did you see?"
+**Can occur before affirmative verbs to make yes/no questions (negative verbs which already have the negative particle ''ma'' do not use it) - e.g. ''Ma ka tarkee?'' "Did you see it?"; ''Ma ka tarkinee?'' "Did you not see it?"
+*''maxa'': what (< ''ma'' + ''waxa'' "thing"; strictly speaking a pronoun)
+*''iyya'': who
 ==Syntax==