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Nankôre: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbal expressions in Nankôre require at a minimum both a main verb and a copula. Marking for tense, aspect, number, voice and mood are divided between both the verb and the copula. | |||
====Copula Forms ==== | ====Copula Forms ==== | ||
In terms of morphological complexity, the copula performs more functions than the verb. The copula, in addition to redundantly mark the Inverse voice, also encodes tense, number, mood, and causation through a complex series of affixation. | |||
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==== Verbal Forms ==== | |||
=====Coverbs===== | =====Coverbs===== | ||
The Coverbs affixes betray their origins as motion and positional verbs. | The Coverbs affixes betray their origins as motion and positional verbs. When the Inverse marker cliticizes to a coverb, morphophonemic may alternations occur. | ||
Because of their origin from motion and positional verbs, these affixes are prefixed to the main verb. | Because of their origin from motion and positional verbs, these affixes are prefixed to the main verb. | ||
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===== Aspect ===== | ===== Aspect ===== | ||
The verb, in contrast to the copula, encodes aspect with clitics that attach to the end of the word. If a coverb appears, the aspect marker will cliticize to the coverb. Nankôre possesses several aspect markers, as illustrated in the following table: | |||
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====The Verb Phrase==== | |||
The following example demonstrates a complex verb predicate, with the Inverse marker ''ta='' cliticizing to the coverb ''yam'' (accompany) in the Imperfect aspect, followed by the main verb ''yayak'' (go up a mountain) with the Hearsay Evidential clitic ''=kor'', and finally the copular verb marked with the secondary Inverse clitic ''tā=''. | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Rompóy kurasno tayampo yayak hosmakór tā'itá'. | |||
| IPA = /rom'poɪ ku'raʃno ta'yampo 'yayak hoʃma'kor ta:ʔɪt'aʔ/ | |||
| morphemes = Rompóy kurasno ta=yam=po yayak hosma=kor tā'-itá'. | |||
| gloss = dog girl INV=accompany=IMPF go.up.mountain-EVID.HEAR INV-PST.COP | |||
| translation = The dog was going up the mountain with the girl, I heard. | |||
}} | |||
[[File:Nankore VP.png|thumb|Diagram of the Nankôre Verb Phrase]] | |||
The verbal elements follow a relatively strict order. The required elements for a VP to be well-formed are the Main Verb and the Copula. Adjuncts are unbound morphemes, and exhibit rather free order; however, they are barred from appearing between the Inverse Marker and any following verb, be it the Coverb or the Main Verb. If a Coverb appears between the Inverse Marker and Main Verb, an adjunct may appear between the Coverb and Main Verb. However, if the Inverse Marker is not followed by a Coverb, then an adjunct may not appear between the Inverse Marker and the Main Verb. Moreover, if Quasi-Noun Incorporation (QNI) takes place, an adjunct may not intervene between the Main Verb and the quasi-incorporated noun (QIN), although bound adverbial affixes may. | |||
====Main Verb ==== | |||
The main verb is believed to be descended from a verbal noun. The main verb hosts the Inverse Marker ''tā-/ta-'', applicative, aspect, and evidential/modal markers. If a pronoun is used, it may cliticize to the first element of the verb. However, one or more adjuncts may be inserted between the portmanteau pronoun and the verb, in which case the portmanteau cliticizes to the adjunct following it. | |||
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portmanteau=[INV-APP-ASP-EVID-MAIN.VERB] [AUX.VERB] | |||
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