User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4
IlL/Spare pages 1/4 is a Wiebian lect and the official language of the Kurm Republic. It's inspired by Irish and Chinese: it's a monosyllabic tonal language with palatalized consonants and initial consonant mutations.
s!x > sng! > hng <sng> sch > s!= > k= <sc>
Phonology
Initials
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Velar | Laryngeal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
broad | slender | broad | slender | broad | slender | slender | broad | |||
Nasal | voiceless | ʰmˠ | ʰmʲ | ʰn̪ˠ | ʰnʲ | ʰɲ | ʰŋ | |||
voiced | mˠ | mʲ | n̪ˠ | nʲ | ɲ | ŋ | ||||
Stop /Affricate |
plain | pˠ | pʲ | t̪ˠ | tʲ | c | k | ʔ | ||
tense | pˠ˭ | pʲ˭ | t̪ˠ˭ | tʲ˭ | c˭ | k˭ | ||||
voiced | bˠ | bʲ | d̪ˠ | dʲ | ɟ | g | ||||
Fricative | voiceless | fˠ | fʲ | θˠ | θʲ | sˠ | sʲ | ç | x | h |
voiced | vˠ | vʲ | ðˠ | ðʲ | zˠ | zʲ | j | ɣ | ||
Trill | voiceless | ʰrˠ | ʰrʲ | |||||||
voiced | rˠ | rʲ | ||||||||
Approximant | voiceless | ʰl̪ˠ | ʰlʲ | |||||||
voiced | l̪ˠ | lʲ |
Vowels
/a i o u aː eː iː oː uː iə uə/ a/ea i/oi/ui o u á/eá é í/aoi ó/eo ú/iú ia ua
Finals
/p t k m n ŋ r j w/ ⟨b d g m n l r dh/igh bh⟩
Tones
Rising, mid, falling (á, à/unmarked, â)
Short vowels are toneless. (cf. "entering tone" in Middle Chinese)
Morphology
Nouns
|
|
|
|
|
|
Compound words are head-final: sóng-truu = 'agenda book' (lit. 'check-book', i.e. a book that one checks)
For indefinite nouns, attributive adjectives follow the noun and do not mutate: gai gau 'a tall tree/tall trees', truu gau 'a long book/long books'.
For definite nouns, attributive adjectives precede the noun and take the same mutation as the noun: an gau gai 'the tall tree', an n-gau dtruu 'the long book'
Verb phrase
Verbs do not inflect for subject agreement or tense; however, preverbal tense/discourse/connective markers trigger mutations on the verb. Unusually, connectives come immediately after the verb.
Tense:
- present: no marker
- seau /sɛ̄ːw/ = 'dies' (< AW zernen), ec /ʔɛk/ = 'buys' (< AW eckern)
- past: hyng + lenition (< AW schillen 'finish')
- hyng sheau /hʏ̄ŋ hɛ̄ːw/ = 'died', hyng ec /hʏ̄ŋ ʔɛk/ = 'bought'
- future: ngéa + h-prothesis ( < AW Đerz 'wish')
- ngéa seau /ŋɛ́ː sɛ̄ːw/ = 'will die', ngéa h-ec /ŋɛ́ː hɛk/ 'will buy'
Connectives:
- zet + lenition: 'when' (< AW sätter 'eventually')
- dài + eclipsis: 'because' (< AW deichen)
- ppaang + lenition < 'but, however' (spaler 'unfortunately')
Discourse markers:
Derivational morphology
- ba- + lenition: verbalizer
- ba-bhiiu: 'nasalize' < biiu 'nose'
- ga- + lenition: nominalizer
- in-: increments a verb's valency
- sa- + lenition: decrements a verb's velency